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24. WOMEN'S STUDIES

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14028. Affirmative Action: History and Overview.

This paper explores the evolution—and more recent devolution—of affirmative action in the United States. Following a brief definition of the term, the analysis presents a history and general overview of affirmative action, including a discussion of the various forms of affirmative action (e.g., goals, quotas, preferences and set-asides); the courts’ and the regulators’ evolving view of affirmative action; the arguments for and against affirmative action; and recent legal and political developments in the field. Separate sections include a close focus on the issue of affirmative action in higher education and the case of gender-based affirmative action. A concluding section considers the future of affirmative action and the impact of recent movements towards substituting voluntary “diversity programs” for court-mandated affirmative action. KEYWORDS: affirmative action race gender employment education set asides quotas. 33 pages, 61 footnotes, 26 bibliographic references. MLA Style. 8618 words. 		  $133
 

13972. Biological Basis of Rape.

This research paper, which provides an overview and analysis of rape and rapists, utilizes a review of recent scholarly literature to test the hypothesis that rape has a genetic/biological basis. The paper focuses on the rapist and on rape behavior versus the rape victim and the consequences of rape. Included is an analysis and discussion of alternative hypotheses explaining the etiology of rape, such as psychological, personality, environmental and cultural causes as well as an overview of the varieties of rape. The essay concludes that rapists are a heterogeneous group and that while genetic/biological factors constitute a contributory factor in certain rape subcategories, the etiology of rape can best be conceptualized within a multi-factorial model which considers the varying contributions of biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors. KEYWORDS: rape rapists sex offenders causes biology term paper. APA Style. 54 pages, 169 footnotes, 60 bibliographic sources. 14,550 words. 		  $133
 

13970. The Life and Legend of Eva PerÓN.

Beginning with a biographical sketch, the analysis considers a number of specific topics including Evita’s rise to power in the Perón Administration and her role in the October 1945 crisis; political activities related to labor unions, women’s rights, the working poor and charitable work; relations with the elite; her role as an independent political actor or a loyal supporter in her husband’s administration; and factors underlying the development of the Evita legend. A concluding section attempts to provide a balanced assessment of Evita’s tangible contributions to Argentine society and politics versus the alleged harm or benefits espoused within the Evita legend and mythology. 21 pages, 31 footnotes, 12 bibliographic references. 		  $133
 

13943. The Abortion Debate and Differing Views on Motherhood.

This paper examines the film Citizen Ruth and the book Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood (Kristen Luker). These sources are used to argue that the social backgrounds of pro-life and pro-choice activists have resulted in the two sides having irreconcilable viewpoints on the role of motherhood and the subject of abortion. 8 pages, 10 footnotes, 2 bibliographic references. 		  $56
 

13871. Gender Relations and Social Structures.

An analysis in cultural anthropology which explores the relationship between the gender relations of a society and its economic organization, considering if there is a typical style corresponding to traditional versus modern societies. Examples for analysis are drawn from the Kung, Inuit, Navajo, Neur, and Divaru peoples along with others. Concludes that while there is a crude and inconsistent tendency for the relative equality between the sexes to be positively correlated with relative equality in gender-based economic contributions, these tendencies are heavily influenced by cultural beliefs and historical factors. 10 pages, 18 footnotes, 3 bibliographic references. 		  $70
 

13858. World War I and the Identity of American Women.

Discussing how women contributed to the war effort and handled the jobs vacated by men during the war. As a result of these factors, the national image of women was improved. This led to the right to vote and provided a step toward further improvements for women. 10 pages, 32 footnotes, 7 bibliographic references. 		  $70
 

13805. Homelessness and Women.

Examines the problem of homelessness among American women and their children, considering the social and economic factors leading to homelessness and profiling the programs and policies aimed at assisting homeless women. The paper focuses on the failure of social welfare programs designed to aid women and children find shelter. 13 pages, 18 footnotes, 12 bibliographic sources. 		  $91
 

13752. The Negative Impact of Race- and Gender-Centric Education.

Investigates the negative psychological impact (particularly in terms of women's and minorities' self-esteem) of a school curriculum grounded solely in white, European cultural traditions and largely bereft of any consideration of female contributions to history or society. Argues that the achievement of cultural diversity as an underlying value will be impossible unless race and gender-based curricula are modified. 9 pages, 12 footnotes, 11 bibliographic sources. 		  $63
 

13706. Gender and Empathy.

A survey of recent research on sex differences in empathy and related capacities for emotional responsiveness. The primary source is a 1983 meta-analysis empirical studies on the topic. The evidence on sex differences in empathy from this meta-analysis is supplemented with the results of two more recent studies. Concludes that gender difference in empathic capacity is probably less significant behaviorally than sex-role expectations in determining empathic responsiveness. Also concludes that while sex role expectations defined empathic response in test settings, there is probably no significant relationship between empathy and the capacity for moral reasoning and moral behavior. 9 pages, 18 footnotes, 3 bibliographic sources. 		  $63
 

13697. Discrimination in the Workplace: Gender, Race, Sexual Orientation.

A brief and general overview of the different patterns, perceptions and effects of workplace discrimination, along with a brief evaluation of current proposed solutions for the problem with a special focus on gender discrimination. Provides current statistics on the scope of the problem. 5 pages, 11 footnotes, 9 bibliographic references. 		  $35
 

13679. Images of Women in Shakespeare's Othello.

Argues that the characters exist in a patriarchal world, and gives examples from the play to support this argument. Among other things, the paper discusses the roles of women, the treatment of women as property, misogynist viewpoints, and Emilia’s speech on the “double standard” between the sexes. 10 pages, 33 footnotes, 5 bibliographic references. 		  $70
 

13672. Breast-Feeding: Third World vs. First World Practices.

Examines the practice of breast-feeding in underdeveloped countries compared to practices in the U.S. and the rest of the developed world. Contrasts the recent reversal of the bottle feeding trend and return to breast-feeding in the U.S. with the continuing efforts to stifle breast-feeding in the Third World through the aggressive promotional efforts of Nestle, Carnation and other global leaders in the formula business. 9 pages, 19 footnotes, 11 bibliographic sources. 		  $63
 

13664. Women in Management in Japan.

An assessment of the growing numbers of young women in management positions in Japan. A description of the educational status of these women, their present levels of college enrollment, and the social barriers that these women face. Also includes an indication of future growth trends and a comparison of women in the U.S. and Japan. 6 pages, 27 footnotes, 1 bibliographic reference. 		  $42
 

13646. Social Consequences of Making Abortion Illegal.

This paper demonstrates how the outlawing of abortion would be a dangerous, inhumane and destructive decision. Abortion will not be seen as just a "human right," since such personal decisions of life and death ultimately transcend all narrow legal concepts, but as a practical moral necessity. 5 pages, 7 footnotes, 8 bibliographic references. 		  $35
 

13642. The Depiction of Gender in Science Fiction Films.

Analyzes six films (The Day the Earth Stood Still, War of the Worlds, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Alien, Starship Troopers, and the Matrix). Emphasizes how the films treat the issues of equality in work, positions of authority, stereotypical gender behaviors, nurturing instincts, and romantic relations. 13 pages, 13 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources. 		  $91
 

13599. The Dignity of Man and the Frailty of Women: Male Attitudes Towards Women in the English Literature of the 17th and 18th Centuries.

A concise, thoughtful exploration of the changing conceptions of "the dignity of man" and "the frailty of women" in the period from the Restoration (represented by Locke and Congreve) down through the Augustan Age, exemplified by Pope's Tory conservatism contrasted with the egalitarian views of Fielding or Lady Montagu. Argues that the nominal improvement in the portrayal of the status of women in the 18th Century was largely illusory. 11 pages, 11 footnotes, 1 bibliographic reference. 		  $77
 

13582. Women and Work in Russia Soviet and Post-Soviet.

This paper provides an overview and analysis of working women in contemporary Russia and in the former Soviet Union. Following a brief background on the status of women in pre-Revolutionary Russia, the analysis profiles women's entry into the work force under the Communist system and women's working conditions and occupational/wage status throughout the Soviet period. Following this, the analysis considers the impact of the fall of Communism and the disintegration of the Soviet Union on working women in Russia. 34 pages, 41 footnotes, 16 bibliographic sources. 		  $133
 

13569. Capitalism, Patriarchy and Gender Relations.

Discusses feminist and anthropological theories on this subject and concludes that, despite the controversies, the concepts of patriarchy and capitalism are at least helpful in explaining the origins of gender inequalities. 8 pages, 24 footnotes, 6 bibliographic references. 		  $56
 

13540. Women in Management in Thailand: Opportunities & Barriers.

This paper considers the central barriers to Thai women's entry/advancement in the management ranks. The analysis begins with an overview of the burden of tradition on Thai women workers - the cultural, social and historical impediments to Thai women's entry into management. Subsequent sections consider legal barriers, educational barriers, overt discrimination, psychological barriers, and the barriers created by recent economic development. A concluding section considers the future for Thai women managers. 22 pages, 59 footnotes, 20 bibliographic sources. 		  $133
 

13539. Women and Work in Thailand.

This paper presents a statistical profile of Thai women's role in the Thai labor market with particular emphasis on Thai women in management positions. Following an overview of general female labor participation rates in Thailand, the analysis considers women's labor participation by educational status, employment/organizational status, and by industry and occupational status. Also included is an analysis of Thai women's wages and earnings compared to Thai male workers. 11 pages, 31 footnotes, 11 bibliographic sources. 		  $77
 

13531. Sex Differences in Neuroanatomy.

This paper provides an overview and analysis of the contemporary scientific literature on sex differences in neuroanatomy. Following a discussion of some of the central methodological problems and issues which have made the resolution of this controversy more difficult, the analysis surveys recent research on sexual dimorphism in neuroanatomy, considering the evidence from studies on structural differences in parts of the brain; gender and cognition; hormonal influences; sexual differences in brain development and brain aging; and sexual differences in brain-based psychopathologies. KEYWORDS: male female brain biological psychological differences. APA Style. 13 pages, 41 footnotes, 19 bibliographic sources. 		  $91
 

13481. Alienation and Modernization in Arab Society: She Has No Place in Paradise by Nawal El Saadawi.

This paper explores the theme of alienation in Arab society through a discussion and analysis of Nawal El Saadawi’s (1987) work, She Has No Place in Paradise. In this novel, Saadawi (1987), an Egyptian feminist writer and physician, focuses on the private realm of gender relations (e.g., relations between friends, father-daughter, mother-daughter, and husband-wife relations) and illustrates how the process of modernization and the conflict between traditional and modern values creates a sense of alienation in both women and men. KEYWORDS: book review arab feminist gender relations arab society term paper. APA Style. 19 pages, 43 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources. 		  $133
 

13473. Women in Sports Journalism.

Topics covered include the difficulties women have faced in being accepted, the controversy over locker room interviews, and the contributions of individual women to the field. Also argues that there is a current trend toward increased equality for women writers and sportscasters. 8 pages, 18 footnotes, 12 bibliographic sources. 		  $56
 

13429. Inequality of Chinese Women.

Discusses the fact that Chinese women have not attained equality in employment or education despite the rhetoric of the Communist Revolution. Also discusses how the birth-control policy of the government oppresses the women of the nation. 6 pages, 20 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

13420. The Dowry and "Bride Burning" in India.

Discusses the problem of young wives being abused or killed as a result of inadequate dowry payments. Covers such topics as the historical background of the problem, the negative impact on women and society, statistics and demographics, and proposed solutions. 26p., 79f,. 11b. 		  $133
 

13372. Women in the Albanian Workforce.

This paper presents an overview and analysis of the role of women in the 20th century Albanian workforce. The analysis begins with an overview of women’s role in traditional Albanian society and a discussion of their exclusion from the official workforce during the pre-Communist era. The next section considers the rapid expansion of working women during the Communist era, examining the specifics of women’s labor participation and evidence of remnants of traditional attitudes. The concluding section considers changes to women’s role in the workforce during the post-Communist era. KEYWORDS: albania women term paper albanian labor. 11 pages, 29 footnotes, 14 bibliographic sources. 3,793 words. 		  $77
 

13366. Gender Discrimination and Women’S Health.

This essay takes the position that discrimination against women, in both developed and developing societies, has had a profoundly negative impact on women’s health in particular and the state of world health in general. Examines the role of culture and ethnicity, describes particular aspects of gender-biased health care and outcomes, considers whether or not such discrimination can be ended and looks at the appropriate role for the health educator. 5 pages, 13 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

13362. Analysis of a Family's "Gender Regime."

Connell's theory of the three structures of gender (division of labor, power transactions, and emotional attachment) is applied to a case study from Hochschild's The Second Shift. Shows that, although the husband of this family shares in some housework, there is clearly an unequal "his" and "hers" in this sharing. 5 pages, 20 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

13225. Women Managing Across Cultures: Us, Japan & Sweden.

This report provides an overview and analysis of women managing across three cultures - American, Swedish and Japanese -- from the perspective of the American businesswoman. Following a summary comparison of culture and management in these three countries, the analysis examines women in business in the U.S., Sweden, and Japan. A concluding section examines the implications of these cultural differences for an American woman manager posted to each of these countries. 12p., 51., 21f. 		  $84
 

13196. Acculturation and Change Among Latinas.

Mexican-American & Puerto Rican-American women Find New Identities. This paper compares and contrasts the experience of acculturation and role re-definition among two Latina populations - Mexican American women and Puerto Rican-American women, with a special focus on married (legal and common-law) women. The analysis considers these women's responses to their new social situations and cultural influences and looks at the ways that traditional family values, behaviors and structure affects their adaptation and response as well as the ways that ethnic culture, racial discrimination and gender oppression shape Latina women's lives and impacts their families. 17 pages, 43 footnotes, 17 bibliographic sources. 		  $119
 

13186. Reactions of Women to Patriarchy in Non-Western Societies.

Anthropological study based on the view that sexuality is "socially constructed." Examines sexual and marital alternatives in various countries in order to show that a wide range of attitudes and norms exist in these areas. 10 pages, 36 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources. 		  $70
 

13175. Varieties of Self: Anthropology in the Age of Uncertainty.

Well-informed summary of the development of a 'feminist' school in anthropology, its relation to other critical movements in social science, and the question of objectivity/subjectivity in fieldwork. Includes the "first wave" of feminism in anthropology in the 1800's, the modern movement of feminism in anthro since 1971, growth of doubt that the fieldworker can ever be "neutral," similarities and conflicts between feminist school and the self-consciously "post-modern" school that peaked in the late 1980's, and a survey of recent attitudes toward and treatments of the objectivity/subjectivity problem in fieldwork. 9 pages, 25 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 		  $63
 

13095. Black Feminist Movements in the u.s. And Brazil.

Compares the two movements and the status of Black women in terms of personal rights, education, socio-economic position, roles in politics, and recognition as a group. Concludes that positive changes are taking place in both nations, but there is still a long way to go before Black women attain full and equal rights. 12 pages, 54 footnotes, 11 bibliographic sources. 		  $84
 

13091. Viewing Middle Eastern Culture Through Women's Stories.

This report presents an analysis and critique of two ethnographies of contemporary Middle Eastern culture, Erika Friedl's (1989) Women of Deh Koh: Lives in an Iranian Village and Lila Abu-Lughod's Writing Women's Worlds: Bedouin Stories. Comparing and contrasting the approach taken by each author, the analysis identifies the authors' research problem, theoretical frameworks and methodology; summarizes the ethnographic content of the book and the authors' conclusions; and briefly critiques each book in terms of its contribution to an understanding of Middle Eastern culture and society and its status as an anthropological, versus political science approach to understanding the people of the Middle East. 11 pages, 18 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $77
 

12733. Muslim Women: The Struggle for Economic Participation.

Following an overview of Islamic doctrine on gender and its implications for women's rights, the analysis profiles and investigates women's role in the economic sector of Muslim societies of the Middle East. Women's roles in this sector are considered within the framework of modernization, national political frameworks, and the recent upsurge in Islamic fundamentalism. The analysis draws on specific examples from Egypt, Iran, Sudan, Turkey, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. 26 pages, 41 footnotes, 23 bibliographic sources. 		  $133
 

12731. Comparison of Male & Female Development in Two Books: Seasons of a Man's Life & Women's Ways of Knowing.

A comparison of the views in The Seasons of a Man's Life (Levinson, et al.) and Women's Ways of Knowing (Belenky, et al.). It is indicated that adult development in men undergoes four distinct periods (or "seasons"). By contrast, development in adult women involves a five-step process of finding a unique sense of self (or "voice"). 11 pages, 51 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $77
 

12679. Women's Suffrage Movement.

Brief historical background on the movement in the U.S. and England, followed by an examination of the movement from the perspective of three social movement theories (the classical model, the new social movement theory, and the resource mobilization theory). Argues that resource mobilization is the best theory for understanding the rise of the movement and its ability to gain mass support. 12 pages, 33 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources. 		  $84
 

12653. Women in Management: Indonesia.

This termpaper considers current conditions, prospects for and barriers to Indonesian women's entry and progression in the management sector. Includes a general profile of women in the Indonesian labor market and compares male versus female progress in occupational status in Indonesia. KEYWORDS: women managers indonesia. 8 pages, 13 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 		  $56
 

12644. Legal Issues in Surrogate Motherhood.

This paper examines how different states have handled the legal implications of surrogate motherhood (through both statute and case law), focusing on two main issues: 1) legal rights of maternity in surrogacy cases (i.e., are the rights of maternity conveyed on the surrogate/gestational mother or on the genetic and/or "intended" mother); and 2) whether or not surrogacy agreements are legally enforceable contracts. Following a brief overview of the definition and variations of surrogate motherhood, these two legal issues are considered through a comparison and analysis of case law and state statutes on surrogacy. 18 pages, 72 footnotes, 64 bibliographic sources. 		  $126
 

12593. Gender Differences in Ways of Knowing.

Argues that, although men and women have different ways of knowing, this does not mean that women are inferior, as implied by many scientists who did brain studies in the 19th century. The paper also argues that environment, as well as biology, plays a role in creating gender differences. On this basis, it is claimed that young women need to be encouraged to have greater self-confidence as part of the overall socialization process. 6 pages, 19 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

12591. Fire With Fire (Naomi Wolf).

Review of book which advocates "power feminism" to replace the "victim feminism" of the past, and which urges women to not hate men but rather to seek a restoration of the natural balance of power between the sexes. Argues that Wolf's optimism is warranted, and notes that other feminist writers have agreed with her basic views on the matter. 9 pages, 22 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 		  $63
 

12590. Seven Women (Judith Nies).

Review of historical book which contains the stories of women who worked toward increasing civil rights in American society. Includes a personal response which recommends the book as inspirational and enjoyable reading. 6 pages, 13 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $42
 

12579. Islam and Gender: Struggles in the Post-Modernist World.

This paper provides a survey overview and analysis of Muslim nations' struggle to deal with the "women question" in a post-modernist world where Islamic ideology and traditionalism confronts economic, social, and political imperatives demanding re-definition of women's rights and roles in Muslim society. Following a general overview of women and Islamism, the analysis draws on examples from Muslim countries to consider women's current and future position is post-modernist Muslim society. Following a general overview of women and Islamism, the analysis draws on examples from Muslim countries to consider women's current and future position in post-modernist Mulsim society. 12 pages, 32 footnotes, 19 bibliographic sources. 		  $84
 

12573. The Islamic Discourse on Gender: Views From Contemporary Arab Feminists.

Drawing upon a representative sample of Arab feminist writers, this paper considers Arab women's views of the contemporary Islamic discourse on gender. The authors selected are all respected scholars and self-identified Arab feminists who have published widely in both Arabic and English. the analysis compares, contrasts and evaluates the authors' views on: 1) the history of Arab feminism; 2) issues of veiling and seclusion; and 3) the issue of whether or not Islam is anti-woman. 16 pages, 31 footnotes, 14 bibliographic sources. 		  $112
 

12450. The Status of Women in America: The View From Tocqueville's Democracy in America.

This essay explores Tocqueville's vision and thoughts on the status of women in America. In addition to considering whether or not America was in fact 'democratic' as far as these women were concerned, the analysis examines to what extent Tocqueville's view on the status of women rests upon his sociological theory of democracy and/or upon his dogmatic assumptions about human nature. 6 pages, 21 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $42
 

12449. The Devil in the Shape of a Woman (Carol F. Karlsen).

Review of book on witchcraft trials in New England. Discusses how the trials revealed the attitudes toward women that existed at the time. Includes a personal point of views that finds the book to be both scholarly and entertaining. 5 pages, 13 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $35
 

12418. Improving the Social and Political Status of Third World Women.

Following a summary overview of the marginalization of women in Third World development strategies, this paper briefly considers what strategies might be used to improve the social and political status of women in the Third World, drawing on specific examples from Africa and Latin America. 8 pages, 17 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources. 		  $56
 

12274. Why Women Wear Bras: Function vs. Fashion.

Argues that bras serve no purpose in preventing breast sagging and that they have generally been used for fashion rather than function (with some exceptions, such as sports bras and prosthetic bras for breast cancer victims). Discusses how bra styles have changed throughout history in order to match the changing trends in fashion. Also notes that contemporary women seek both fashion (prettiness) and function (comfort) when buying bras. 30 pages, 89 footnotes, 18 bibliographic sources. 		  $133
 

12218. "The Handmaid's Tale" by Margaret Atwood.

Looks at female sexuality and sexual politics in the futuristic novel about a male-dominated totalitarian society. 5 pages, 7 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $35
 

12154. Black Women in the Civil Rights Movement.

Drawing primarily on an article in “Black Studies” by Teresa A. Nance (“Hearing the Missing Voice”), along with two other supplementary sources, this paper explores the role of women, especially African American women, in the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Considers some of the reasons why black women were largely excluded from leadership roles in the movement. Keywords: civil rights race relations women leadership. 8 pages; 24 footnotes; 3 bibliographic sources. 		  $56
 

12122. "Women and Public Policy" by Margaret Conway, David W. Ahern & Gertrude a. Steuernagel.

A highly favorable review of a 1994 book providing an interesting comprehensive introduction to the intersecting forces of cultural change, changes in women's lives, and public policy in the U.S. 8 pages, 7 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $56
 

12098. The Status of Women in Revolutionary China: Yuan-Tsung Chen's the Dragon's Village.

Drawing on Chen's autobiographical novel of revolutionary China, this paper provides an assessment of the extent to which gender equality was not achieved as the result of changes in women's legal status during the early phases of the Chinese Revolution. Special attention is devoted to the enormous gulf between the newly possible and the practical in rural women's social and family lives. KEYWORDS: women's emancipation chinese women rights mao revolution book review. 7 pages, 11 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $49
 

12080. The Consolation of Philsophy by Boethius and Feminism.

Analysis of early medieval text from a feminist perspective. Emphasizes Simone de Beauvoir's views on the ambivalence of women being regarded as "Other." Examples in the text of male dominance, stereotypes, and the sexist use of language are also considered. KEYWORDS: feminist historical literary critcism boethius middle ages. MLA Style. 12 pages, 41 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources. 		  $84
 

12038. Treatment of Women in the Iliad and the Epic of Gilgamesh.

Examines these two works as examples of patriarchal values in ancient times. Shows that women (including goddesses) were either completely repressed or else they were forced to use their "sexual charms" to get what they wanted out of men. 6 pages, 20 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

12022. Sexual Harassment in the Workplace.

This paper presents an overview of the current status of sexual harassment law and an analysis of recent trends and emerging issues in workplace sexual harassment. Reviews the definition and legal history of workplace sexual harassment and considers recent trends such as the rising caseloads, the changing parameters of hostile environment claims and the criteria for establishing employer liability. KEYWORDS: workplace sexual harassment hostile environment claims employer liability. 16 pages, 45 footnotes, 23 bibliographic sources. 		  $112
 

11952. Review of "May You Be the Mother of a Hundred Sons."

Elisabeth Bumiller. Explores the role of women in India. An informed discussion of arranged marriages, bride burnings, dowry deaths, Sati, abortion, infanticide, and the future of Indian feminism. 6 pages, 20 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $42
 

11942. Gender in a Multi-National Business Environment.

Surveys the most male dominated countries in the world and the methods of American Corporations to integrate women into these workplaces. Examines U.S. law on various aspects of sexual harassment in a multi-national workplace. 10 pages, 14 footnotes, 11 bibliographic sources. 		  $70
 

11919. To Reclaim Women's Bodies.

An informed feminist critique of the beauty myth. Accuses Western culture and the media for causing eating disorders and low self-esteem among women. Suggestions towards reclaiming women's bodies are made. 13 pages, 39 footnotes, 26 bibliographic sources. 		  $91
 

11866. Prostitution in the Ancient World.

This paper examines and discusses prostitution in the ancient world with a focus on ancient Mesopotamia, classical Athens, imperial Rome and the early Christians. Considers how these societies shaped contemporary attitudes towards prostitution and examines the role of the evolution of patriarchy in the denigration of female prostitutes within western societies. 15 pages, 43 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources. 		  $105
 

11865. Women in Ancient Greece: Status, Sexuality and Family Life.

Explores the status of women (focusing on sexuality) in ancient Greece, concentrating on the status of women during the Homeric era and then looking at women in classical Athens. Considers in detail the roles and status of maidens, wives, prostitutes, and concubines. Draws upon both contemporary feminist analysis and source materials in ancient Greek literature, law and mythology. 20 pages, 43 footnotes, 11 bibliographic sources. 		  $133
 

11696. Does Pornography Degrade Women?

Considers and then refutes the argument that pornography degrades women. Examines feminist definitions of pornography and concludes that these opponents are actually anti-sex. Provides examples of positive effects of pornography. 11 pages, 11 footnotes, 9 bibliographic sources. 		  $77
 

11684. Women, Development and the Agenda for the South.

Criticizes the South Commission's lack of attention to women in its Report. Argues that women and development are inexorably linked and makes the case that development leaders must address problems of gender inequities in less developed countries in order to achieve development goals. 11 pages, 10 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources. 		  $77
 

11633. The Power of the Cross by Sally Purvis.

Review of a feminist theologian's book which sets forth the normative guidelines for a Christian feminist community. At the heart of this community is a notion of power based upon love rather than control. 5 pages, 12 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $35
 

11608. Ibsen's the Doll's House and Kate Chopin's the Awakening.

Feminist-oriented comparative analysis of two stories of women in a man's world, longer on Kate Chopin including a brief biography. 8 pages, 19 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources. 		  $56
 

11523. Abortion Law in the United States and Germany.

This paper provides a clear, professional summary of legal history of abortion in the U.S. since Roe and in modern Germany, using legal vocabulary and sources. Cites major cases influencing abortion policy and law in both countries and provides a comparison and assessment of the two systems. 25 pages, 57 footnotes, 16 bibliographic sources. 		  $133
 

11521. Addressing the Problem of Family Violence.

Compares and analyzes the rationale, prevalence, and efficacy of various treatment models and programs used to address the problem of family violence. Profiles causal models of family violence, common features and major approaches to treatment. Discusses specific studies testing the efficacy of the criminal justice, sociological, and psychological-educational approaches to treatment. 20 pages, 59 footnotes, 32 bibliographic sources. 		  $133
 

11492. Holy Listening by Margaret Guenther.

Content analysis and review of this book in which a female priest brings an insightful, practical and uniquely feminine perspective to the topic of spiritual direction and the roles and duties of the spiritual director. 3 pages, 8 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $21
 

11486. Date Rape.

A summary of the problem of rape, date rape and acquaintance rape, focusing on the existence and importance of various "rape myths" which keep both men and women from recognizing or reporting the sexual assaults of the men they have allowed into their lives through friendship, blood or marriage relation, employment or other voluntary relationship. 6 pages, 22 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

11471. Contributions of Women in Psychology, 1890-1960.

Provides brief biographies and summaries of the contributions made by ten major female psychologists working from 1890-1960. Mary Calkins, Margaret Washburn, Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, Karen Horney, Margaret Mahler, Maria Montessori, and Charlotte Buhler are among those profiled. 11 pages, 25 footnotes, 13 bibliographic sources. 		  $77
 

11469. I, Rigoberta Menchu: An Indian Woman in Guatemala.

Reviews the nobel-prize winning autobiography of a Quiche Indian woman and political activist in Guatemala. In addition to tracing Menchu's life story from birth to age twenty, the book describes some of the major customs and mores of Menchu's tribe and, in often painfully graphic detail, probes the depth of Indian repression in Guatemala. 5 pages, 6 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $35
 

11457. Living a Political Life by M. Kunin.

This review of the autobiography of Vermont's first female governor stresses the feminine aspect, comparing Kunin's choices with those of actual and hypothetical male politicians. Kunin found a distinct, feminine voice for herself; reviewer is concerned with finding models and precepts for other women. 5 pages, 15 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $35
 

11444. Women and Aids in Thailand.

Following a brief overview of the epidemiology of AIDS in Thailand, including estimates of current prevalence and directions of disease expansion, the analysis turns to a specific examination of Thai women and AIDS and/or at high risk for contracting AIDS. The role of cultural, economic and social factors are considered. Government efforts at prevention and women's responses are considered. Makes recommendations on policy changes. 17 pages, 41 footnotes in text, 17 bibliographic sources. 		  $119
 

11436. Women and Cancer: Breast Cancer Challenges & Controversies.

Profiles the incidence, mortality and survival rates for women diagnosed with breast cancer. Racially and economically-based differences in breast cancer survival and incidence rates are discussed. Risk factors, including heredity, childbearing, oral contraceptive use, environmental hazards and dietary factors are discussed. Conclusion looks at the controversy surrounding the NCI's recommendations on mammography. 11 pages, 28 footnotes, 16 bibliographic sources. 		  $77
 

11430. Examples of Entrapment in Women's Literature.

Review of five novels by and about women which share themes of entrapment to various degrees: Burney's Evelina, K. Chopin's The Awakening, Bronte's Jane Eyre, C. Gilman's The Yellow Wallpaper, and Austen's Emma. Focuses on the various ways in which these heroines are either passive victims of and/or active participants in the traps and binds society places upon them. 10p., Notes in Text., 5b. 		  $70
 

11414. Sexual Harassment.

This paper provides an overview of sexual harassment, considering its legal definition and components, its prevalence and demographic profile, its causes and consequences, and its potential remedies. KEYWORDS: sexual harasssment definition prevalence. 12 pages, 25 footnotes, 17 bibliographic sources. 		  $84
 

11400. The Leadership of Eleanor Roosevelt.

Investigates Eleanor Roosevelt as a leader. Following a profile of her early life and influences, the analysis considers some of her specific leadership roles (Women's Trade Union, the Office of Civil Defense, the United Nations) as well as looking at her particular style of leadership and its effectiveness. 16 pages, 23 footnotes, 11 bibliographic sources. 		  $112
 

11396. Sexual Harassment in Higher Education.

Investigates the problem of sexual harassment in higher education. Following a discussion and analysis of the definition and meaning of sexual harassment (in legal and practical terms), the analysis looks at the problem in higher education. The causes of sexual harassment, including the contributions of differences in male/female perceptions of harassment, gender inequality and academic culture are discussed. The final section of the paper examines "model" programs of sexual harassment prevention and makes recommendations for school sexual harassment policies and grievance procedures. 20 pages, 32 footnotes, 20 bibliographic sources. 		  $133
 

11360. Date Rape.

Examines the date rape phenomenon and the controversy surrounding it. After considering the definition and estimated prevalence of date rape, the analysis looks at the causes and mitigating factors involved. Included is an examination of some of the factors (gender, personal belief systems) involved in the attribution of responsibility for date rape. 6 pages, 24 footnotes, 9 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

11278. Sexual Harassment in Italy, Germany and the Uk.

Compares sexual harassment in three countries, with specific emphasis on level and nature of problems, causes, responses, and legal reaction as well as cultural basis of problem and its relation to treatment of and attitudes toward women at home and work. 21 pages, 62 footnotes, 15 bibliographic sources. 		  $133
 

11262. International Union v. Johnson Controls: Fetal Protection or Discrimination Against Women.

Examines the 1991 Supreme Court decision forbidding employers use of fetal protection policies that discriminate against women. The statutes, case law and precedent, and ethical issues of the case are discussed in detail. Press treatment of the case in the mass media is reviewed for its ethical coverage of the issue. 15 pages, 21 footnotes, 18 bibliographic sources. 		  $105
 

11191. Sexual Harassment in the u.s.

Provides in-depth discussion of level of sexual harassment in U.S. with specific reference to workplace, forms of harassment, responses (personal and legal) to problem, role of feminist movement in exposing problem. Also describes organization response. 9 pages, 23 footnotes, 21 bibliographic sources. 		  $63
 

11172. j.m. Pollock's Women, Prison and Crime.

Critiques and describes book that focuses on ways in which women are treated by penal system in U.S., problems encountered by this group, and differences in prison for men and women. 5 pages, 0 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $35
 

11167. Affirmative Action: Still Needed for the 1990s.

Taking a Law Review format, investigates the legal, social and political implications of affirmative action and reverse discrimination. Reviews Supreme Court cases on affirmative action and disparate impact. Articulates the arguments for both sides of the issue and then takes a position in favor of continued affirmative action programs, and makes the case that such programs are particularly needed for women to break through the "glass ceiling" which stalls their progress through management ranks. Utilizes legal, "blue book" citation format. 27 pages, 72 footnotes, 56 bibliographic sources. 		  $133
 

11136. Feminism and the Mainstream Print Media: How Political & Opinion Magazines View Women in Politics.

Following an overview of how the print media in general portrays (or ignores) women in politics, the investigation looks at how political magazines (particularly conservative magazines) depict women in politics, including specific examples of the treatment of such well known political figures as Janet Reno, Anita Hill, and Hillary Rodham-Clinton. 10 pages, 29 footnotes, 19 bibliographic sources. 		  $70
 

11123. Women and Human Rights in Saudi Arabia.

The status of women in Saudi Arabia is analyzed from the perspective of U.S. civil rights, U.N. conventions on human rights, and regional and ethnic customs concerning women in society. 12 pages, 12 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 		  $84
 

11120. Book Review of Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution.

Presents Merchant's views on the destructive, mechanistic view of nature and her alternative conception of "monistic vitalism," an interpretation of nature as a feminine, nurturing agent. Review concludes book makes powerful case for the problems of mechanistic view but her alternative is not very convincing. 5 pages, 5 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

11119. The Case in Favor of Abortion Rights.

Considers abortion statistics since 1972 (age, class, and frequency), Griswold vs. Connecticut and Roe vs. Wade, privacy issues, parent and child rights, and birth control issues. 10 pages, 25 footnotes, 9 bibliographic sources. 		  $70
 

11094. Overview of Roe vs. Wade

Decision and reasoning in majority opinion are presented. Controversy concerning political power is discussed. Pro-life arguments are evaluated and considered inconclusive. 8 pages, 20 footnotes, 11 bibliographic sources. 		  $56
 

11081. How Sexual Issues Affected the Power of Women in Medieval Society.

Examines how gender and sex roles affected the power of men and women in medieval society. Women are seen as essentially powerless property in a male-dominated, war-oriented society. 8 pages, 14 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 		  $56
 

10681. The Advantages of All-Female Colleges.

A defense of the institution of the all-female college. Fewer social distractions, training for leadership, and academic achievement are seen as benefits of the single-sex school. 10 pages, 9 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources. 		  $70
 

10623. The Depiction of Women in the Divine Comedy.

Dante's depiction of women in the three books of his epic poem is described and analyzed. The combination of rheumatic and spiritualization inspiration in the person of Beatrice is noted. 11 pages, 13 footnotes in text, 5 bibliographic sources. 		  $77
 

10603. Cynthia Enloe's "Bananas, Beaches, and Bases".

Critical review of a feminist study of the role and impact of women on international power politics. 5 pages, 7 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $35
 

10520. Islamic Women in Senegal.

Provides an overview and assessment of women's social, cultural and economic status in Muslim Senegal. Concludes that despite progress in educational and economic realms, Senegalese women remain bound by Islamic social and cultural restraints. 10 pages, 26 footnotes, 17 bibliographic sources. 		  $70
 

10489. The Depiction of Women in Three d.w. Griffith Films.

Contends that Griffith's popular depiction of women was a combination of the traditional viewpoint of the South and a theatrical style of a 19th Century romantic. Discusses The Battle of Elderbush Gulch, Birth of a Nation, and Intolerance. 11p., 15f., 6p. 		  $77
 

10471. Abortion Rights in the United States and the Denial of Public Consensus.

Investigates the apparent dichotomy in the United States between public support for abortion rights and legislative and special interest groups' persistent effort to abrogate those rights. 11 pages, 28 footnotes, 24 bibliographic sources. 		  $77
 

10455. Gender Disparities for Women in Managerial Position, Salary and Promotions.

Following an overview of the existing situation in terms of salary inequities, workforce participation, occupational segregation and promotional inequities, the analysis considers explanations for existing equities and possible barriers to female occupational and salary advancement. The concluding analysis addresses possible remedies to persistent inequities, taking into account EEO/Affirmative Action remedies, corporate remedies such as organizational/job reform, and social reform. KEYWORDS: women management glass ceiling gender disparity inequity sex discrimination. 15 pages, 36 footnotes, 27 bibliographic sources. 		  $105
 

10404. Why Women Should Be Allowed to Serve in Combat Roles.

Examine the merits of the arguments against allowing women to serve in combat positions and present the case in favor of women in combat. As background, the historical and current position of women in the U.S. military is considered. 11 pages, 38 footnotes, 21 bibliographic sources. 		  $77
 

10389. Sexism in Advertising.

Following a brief definition of what constitutes sexism in advertising, evidence of its prevalence and concentration within certain product categories is disucsssed. The rationale for using sexist appeals and the evidence of its effectiveness are examined. The concluding analysis considers the recent movement to reduce sexism in advertising. 12 pages, 42 footnotes, 35 bibliographic sources. 		  $84
 

10297. The Changing Status of Women in the Muslim Middle East.

This paper presents an overview and analysis of the changing status of women in the Islamic countries of the Middle East with a focus on the developments since 1955. An overview of traditional Islamic sex roles and the way in which they differ from traditional Western views is presented as a basis for understanding the changes in women's status. The analysis looks at the changing status of women as evidenced by changes in women's educational status, employment status, and alterations in family and social roles. 14 pages, 20 footnotes, 16 bibliographic sources. 		  $98
 

10294. The Impact of Economic Development on Women.

Looks at the effects of economic development programs on the status and gender roles of women in developing nations. Socialist, nationalist and international models of development are compared for their impact on women's rights, income, health care, and gender-defined roles in marriage, workplace and politics. 23 pages, 37 footnotes, 33 bibliographic sources. 		  $133
 
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