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"SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY" TERM PAPERS

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22A. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY

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18883. The Crimes of Albert Fish.

This research paper discusses the crimes of the child rapist, torturer, murderer and cannibal, Albert Fish, who was executed in 1936. The term paper uses theories and research findings are used to explain the causes of Fish’s behavior and to describe some steps that should be taken to prevent such crimes from occurring. TAGS: criminology essay, notorious criminals, Albert Fish, psychology, rape, murder, child abuse, criminological theory. APA Style. 16 pages, 41 footnotes, 11 bibliographic sources. 3,693 words.

$112

18848. Criminality Across the Lifespan.

This paper explores recent studies taking a life-span development approach which challenge traditional sociological assumptions about the constancy of criminal behavior throughout the lifespan. Critical to these studies is the realization that the link between anti-social behavior in children and criminal behavior in adults is a link that works in only one direction: adult criminals almost invariably showed marked anti-social behavior as children, but most children who exhibit anti-social behavior do not become criminals as adolescents or adults. APA Style. 5 pages, 10 footnotes, 9 bibliographic sources. 1,219 words.
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TAGS: criminality lifespan, juvenile delinquency, adult criminality, older criminals, theories delinquency theory crime theory

$35

18713. Criticisms of Consumer Culture.

This paper looks at the criticisms that have been made of consumer culture as it exists in contemporary Western society. For example, it has been claimed that consumer culture causes people to be superficial and self-centered and to identify themselves with the things they buy. In addition, it has been claimed that consumer culture promotes unhealthy body ideals and treats people (especially women) as “commodities.” The theoretical perspectives of Mike Featherstone, Frederic Jameson and Jean Baudrillard are described, followed by an analysis of anti-consumerism statements in the works of the artist Barbara Kruger and the design organization Adbusters. Includes 8 images. KEYWORDS: culture consumerism advertising postmodernism art narcissism women’s body image advertising. Harvard Style. 11 pages, 25 footnotes, 9 bibliographic sources. 2,696 words.

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18650. Like Academictermpapers on Facebook.

LIKE us on Facebook and get access to special offers and free information and research related to term papers, essays, research papers, case study solutions, thesis, dissertations and college life

$133

18425. Mexican-American Ethnography.

Without making any pretense of settling the debate surrounding the assimilation potential of Mexican immigrants, but with reference to the debate in terms of Mexican culture, values and history, this paper presents an ethnography of Mexican-Americans. Following a definition and overview of this population, the analysis draws on a range of ethnographic studies to construct a portrait of contemporary Mexican-American culture. This paper presents ethnographic evidence of the distinctiveness of the Mexican-American culture and its differences from the traditional American culture. Mexican-American and traditional American cultures differ in terms of gender relations, family structure, ingroup and outgroup norms, approach to uncertainty, approach to authority and hierarchical relations, and belief in individualism versus collectivism. KEYWORDS: Mexican Americans culture ethnography hofstede comparative cultures. APA Style. 14 pages, 61 footnotes, 24 bibliographic sources. 3,479 words.

$98

18341. Patty Hearst and the Symbionese Liberation Army.

This paper discusses the participation of Patricia Hearst, the newspaper heiress, in the 1970s terrorist group known as the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA). Emphasis is placed on the sociological and psychological factors that contributed to the rise of radical youth activities at the time and that help to explain her involvement. In addition to describing the facts of the case, the paper considers differing views on why Hearst apparently joined the SLA after being kidnapped by them (she was willing, she was a victim of the Stockholm Syndrome, she was brainwashed). It is also argued that the SLA did not have a significant social impact because it was too isolated, cult-like, and violent. KEYWORDS: psychology sociology American history terrorism Hearst. APA Style. 11 pages, 31 footnotes, 9 bibliographic sources.

$77

18214. Personal and Social Choices of Clothing.

This paper investigates the claim, “clothing choices are deeply personal and yet simultaneously social.” Using various examples from the literature on material culture and identity, it is concluded that people use clothes to express personal identity and also in anticipation of societal reactions. The examples are concerned with studies of British women and groups of people in Zambia and India. KEYWORDS: fashion clothes identity sociology anthropology Britain Zambia India. MLA Style. 7 pages, 20 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources.

$49

18206. “Authority” and “Power” in Religion.

As discussed in this paper, “authority” refers to a reliable source of divine knowledge (scripture, tradition, religious leaders, personal experience) and “power” refers to the ability to do certain things (magic power, a state of consciousness, self-control, an attribute of God). It is noted that these terms have different specific meanings in the context of different religious beliefs. KEYWORDS: religion, authority, power. MLA Style. 6 pages, 21 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources.

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18082. Immigration and Future Race Relations.

This termpaper discusses the massive influx of immigrants to America and the potential future impact that this might have on national identity and ethnic/racial relations. The issue of assimilation (or lack thereof) is addressed, with special attention to the situation of Mexican immigrants in California. The growing trends of intermarriage and the adoption of multiracial identities are also discussed. It is predicted that racial/ethnic differences won't disappear in the upcoming future, but there will probably be a diminishing of the differences in life chances that currently exist. KEYWORDS: immigration race ethnicity national identity future. Turabian Style with Bottom of Page Footnotes and Separate Bibliography. 14 pages, 22 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources.

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18078. Edward Hall’S Cultural Unconscious.

This paper discusses the views of Edward T. Hall (expressed in Beyond Culture) on the existence of a "cultural unconscious" that covertly drives human behavior. According to Hall, bureaucratic institutions play a role in perpetuating this phenomenon. In addition, he argues that there is a need to go "beyond" culture in order to alleviate the problems caused by failures in cross-cultural communication. The paper also includes a discussion of how Tzvetan Todorov's book The Conquest of America provides ahistorical illustration of Hall's view of culture as an "irrational force." KEYWORDS: cross-cultural communication psychoanalysis edward t. hall cultural unconscious todorov spanish conquest america. Turabian Style with Endnotes. 11 pages, 22 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources. 2,788 words.

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18046. Fashion Choices in Gender and Identity.

This term paper is concerned with the British fashion industry and the notion of a "British identity" in dress style. The introduction notes that, although clothing choices are constrained in various ways, people generally express themselves through either conservative or non-conformist styles. The paper then discusses the styles associated with Burberry of London (which are conservative and based on traditional ideas of gender-based power) and Vivian Westwood (which make an artistic commentary on British society and dress). Reference is also made to a small-scale study that showed British women having complex reasons for their fashion choices, as related to their search for personal identity. KEYWORDS: fashion industry clothes identity gender identity british society. MLA Style. 7 pages, 13 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources. 1,743 words.

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17554. Summary of “Technology, Technique, and the Body” by Edward Tenner.

This paper provides a summary and analysis of Tenner’s article which considers the Louis Mumford-Jacques Ellul debate over whether technique drives technological innovation or vice versa. Tenner argues that the users of technologies (as well as the inventors) play an important role in making the technologies what they are. According to Tenner, techniques change both objects and bodies, and, through the process of adopting devices, “we change our social selves.” Just as natural selection shapes the appearance of non-human animals, technology helps to shape the identity of human beings. KEYWORDS: technology society techniques ellul mumford. MLA Style. 7 pages, 0 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 1,620 words.

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17552. Street Corner Society by William Foote Whyte.

This paper critiques Whyte’s 1943 monograph and assesses its claim to be described as a “classic ethnography”. Concludes that Street Corner Society can rightly be called a classic ethnography for a number of reasons, including because it established or developed many of the methodological approaches subsequently used by sociological researchers. Whyte’s entertaining and highly readable study is especially useful to those who are interested in analyzing contemporary youth gangs or other groups of underprivileged youth. KEYWORDS: sociology youth gangs street cornerville urban studies ethnography. APA Style. 7 pages, 10 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 1,781 words.

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17506. Leisure Theory.

This paper provides an overview and analysis of the philosophical, sociological, and psychological views of leisure, and considers how the three different areas of concern of the theorists affect their conceptions of leisure. Aristotle provides the philosophical perspective, Georg Simmel the sociological perspective, and John R. Kelly the psychological perspective. Argues that regardless of the conclusion that the theorists come to, all three threorists clearly view leisure as a significant aspect of the individual’s life. KEYWORDS: leisure theory leisure philosophy leisure sociology leisure psychology simmel Aristotle john r Kelly. MLA Style. 10 pages, 20 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources. 2,518 words.f

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17391. Feminist Social Research.

This paper provides an overview and analysis of the concept and application of feminist social research. The concept of feminist social research is defined, and its central elements contrasted with those of traditionally-defined male-centered “scientific” research. Both the major epistemological perspectives and the central methodologies of feminist social research are discussed. Through a review of current literature on the topic, the analysis seeks to identify what is distinctive about feminist social research and to illustrate these distinctive elements with examples drawn from feminist social research studies. KEYWORDS: feminism feminist research methods methodology social research postmodern lived experience qualitative. APA Style. 15 pages, 39 footnotes, 12 bibliographic sources. 4,083 words.

$105

17390. Social Disorganization Theory of Crime and Delinquency.

This paper describes and analyzes the social disorganization theory of criminology as developed from theorists in the Chicago School. Considers how the more recent work of Robert Sampson and William Julius Wilson has extended and refined Shaw & McKay’s work to have application in the contemporary era, particularly with regard to urban crime and racial differences in crime. Finally, the analysis looks at Sampson, et al’s construct of collective efficacy as an explanatory variable in why people in socially disorganized communities commit crime. APA Style. 9 pages, 25 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources. 2,273 words.
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TAGS: chicago school criminology crime theory social disorganization theory juvenile delinquency theory family peers crime.

$63

17389. Classical and Positive Schools of Thought in Criminality.

This essay describes the classical and positive schools of criminality, as illustrated by Cesare Beccaria (classical) and Cesare Lombroso (positive) and considers what policy recommendations an adherent of each school would make for dealing with crime. KEYWORDS: classical positivist criminology lombroso beccaria criminal theories. APA Style. 7 pages, 10 footnotes, 3 bibliographic sources. 1,781 words.

$49

17378. A Comparison of Ethnologic Theories Based on Anthropologist Elliot Liebow's 1967 Study, Tally's Corner: A Study of Negro Streetcorner Men.

This paper draws on anthropologist Elliot Liebow's 1967 study, Tally's Corner: a Study of Negro Streetcorner Men, as a basis to compare and contrast some ethnographic and sociological theories about poverty and about how the poor feel about themselves and their situation, including how the social conditions might affect their socioeconomic status. Liebow’s work is considered in light of the views of contemporary theorists such as Wilson, Wolfgang, Ferracutti and Murray. KEYWORDS: elliot liebow tallys corner streetcorner men ethnologic theory. 8 pages, 12 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source.

$56

17289. Environmental Planning Challenge: Diversity in Leisure Opportunities.

This paper considers the challenges and opportunities environmental planners face in creating leisure opportunities for diverse communities. It is noted that diversity is an issue of importance in environmental planning and the provision of leisure opportunities because society as a whole is in the process of becoming increasingly diversified. Considers the issue from a social justice perspective, which holds that it is important to seek inclusion of all social groups in leisure opportunities as well as in other areas of social interaction. Notes the obstacles to inclusion and diversity, including stereotypes, institutional barriers, funding constraints and individual prejudice. KEYWORDS: urban planning environmental planning leisure diversity inclusion. 12 pages, 25 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources. 2,656 words.

$84

17286. Crime Theories.

This paper provides a brief overview and discussion of several major crime theories including differential association/learning theory, developmental theories, social learning/subculture theory, routine activities theory, social learning/social bond theory, general theory, and techniques of neutralization theory. Strengths and weaknesses of each theory are considered. True-life crime book, True Confessions: The Unsolved Crimes of Phil Cresta is used to illustrate the differential association theory.11 pages, 21 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 2,753 words.
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Rationale Choice and Routine Activities Theories of Crime, A Comparison

Social Bond Theory versus Self Control Theory of Crime Research Paper

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TAGS: crime theory criminology subculture differential association social bond learning theory routine activities delinquency theory delinquents criminals.

$77

17244. The Classical and Positivist Schools Criminology.

This paper compares the deterrence theory of Beccaria (the Classical School of criminology) with the biological traits theory of Lombroso (the Positivist School). The paper includes a discussion of the policy recommendations an adherent of each school would make for fighting crime and argues that Lombroso’s approach is discriminatory and ineffective. Keywords: crime theory early history traits. 6 pages; 8 footnotes; 4 bibliographic sources. 1,428 words.

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17243. The Reintegrative Shaming Theory of John Braithwaite.

This paper argues that Braithwaite’s “reintegrative” approach to reducing recidivism among delinquents is more effective than approaches that use “disintegrative shaming” techniques. The strengths and weaknesses of the theory are considered, as well as its usefulness in community-based “restorative justice”. 5 pages; 7 footnotes; 5 bibliographic sources. 1,257 words.
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TAGS: crime theory restitution shame juveniles delinquency theory communities.

$35

17242. James Messerschmidt's Theory of "Doing Gender".

This paper discusses Messerschmidt’s theory on why men tend to commit more crimes than women, and why each gender tends to commit different types of crime. Men, for example, are constantly seeking ways to express their masculinity, and this need is influenced by factors of age, class, and race. This paper also considers the advantages and disadvantages of the theory in terms of crime control and prevention. Keywords: crime theory gender differences. 5 pages; 6 footnotes; 5 bibliographic sources. 1,178 words.

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17241. Biosocial Theories of Crime.

This paper discusses how biological factors, personality traits, and social (or environmental) factors interact to contribute to crime. The paper includes a discussion of “biological harms,” twin and adoption studies, and studies on the personality traits and body types of delinquents. Keywords: crime theory biology anatomy personality heredity. 6 pages; 8 footnotes; 4 bibliographic sources. 1,353 words.

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17240. The Social Disorganization Theory of Crime.

This paper considers the “Chicago School” of criminology and its view that crime is caused by a breakdown of social controls in certain types of communities. Topics include urban zones, the weakening of social institutions, racial prejudice, social isolation, and the concept of collective efficacy. Keywords: crime theory Sutherland Chicago social problems delinquency. 5 pages; 8 footnotes; 5 bibliographic sources. 1,102 words.

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17238. White Collar Crime and the "Routine Activity" Perspective.

This paper defines white collar crime (both occupational and corporate) and describes the types of offenses related to it. Following this the “routine activity” theory is used to explain the existence of white-collar crime. According to this theory, there are three necessary conditions for crime to occur (motivated offender, suitable target, and lack of capable guardians). Keywords: crime theory adults non-violent crimes fraud insider trading embezzlement. 5 pages; 7 footnotes; 4 bibliographic sources. 1,188 words.

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17237. The Social Bond Theory and the Self-Control Theory.

This paper discusses Hirschi’s view that the four elements of ‘social bonds’ play a role in preventing crime. Hirschi’s social bond theory of crime is compared with the view of Gottfredson and Hirschi regarding the role of ‘self-control’ in crime reduction. The basic similarities between the social bond and self-control theories of crime are described. Keywords: crime theory child development parental attachment. 5 pages; 7 footnotes; 5 bibliographic sources. 1,317 words.

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17236. Critical Criminology.

As noted in this paper, critical criminology argues that crime is caused by inequalities in capitalist societies. In addition, it is argued that the rich are often able to receive lighter sentences for crimes than are the poor. The paper also addresses the ongoing debate over the relative strengths and weaknesses of the critical approach to criminology. Keywords: crime theory neo-Marxist inequality. 5 pages; 10 footnotes; 5 bibliographic sources. 1,246 words.

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17234. Integrated Theories of Criminology.

This paper discusses integrated theories of criminology. Integrated crime theories seek to provide a more thorough perspective on how and why crime occurs than individual theories can provide on their own. The advantages and disadvantages of the integrated approach are considered. An example of an integrated theory is found in the work of Elliott, et al., which combines strain theory, social control theory, and learning theory. Keywords: integrated crime theory Merton Hirschi. 5 pages; 11 footnotes; 4 bibliographic sources. 1,150 words.

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17190. Boeing Company & Organizational Change.

This paper provides a prescriptive overview of organizational change at troubled Boeing Company. Following a description of the company’s operations, structure, and micro and macro environment, an organizational change and development approach is used to diagnose problems at Boeing. Based on the diagnosis, a plan for intervention and implementation of organizational change is outline. Another section considers the evaluation of the recommended change program. The concluding discussion considers the organizational change implications of this case for managers in general and public administrators in particular. Keywords: organizational change Boeing aerospace management development administration. 15 pages; 35 footnotes; 26 bibliographic sources. 4,123 words.

$105

17166. The "Common Culture" of Youth.

This essay explores the concept of youth and identity formation with reference to social differentiation in terms of race, ethnicity, class, gender, age, and locality. The analysis considers to what extent and in what sense there exists a ‘common culture’ of youth. It is argued that there is a common culture of youth. It is argued that there is a common culture of youth in the sense that youths of various ages, gender, ethnic, racial and geographic backgrounds make use of similar modes of cultural expression (e.g. music, dress, etc.), although the specifics of this expression are influenced by race, ethnicity, gender, age, and locality. It is further argued that young people use culture to create and define their identities. 25 pages; 62 footnotes; 25 bibliographic sources. 6,493 words.

$133

17155. Attitudes Towards Women in the Christian Church: Breaking Through the Stained-Glass Ceiling or Facing Backlash? Research Design for an Exploratory Study.

This paper presents a research design for an exploratory study of attitudes towards women’s changing role in Christian churches across the U.S. The study focuses on gender, denominational, and clergy/lay differences in attitudes towards women assuming leadership roles in the church. A sampling of the relevant literature is briefly reviewed. The proposed methodology uses a grounded theory framework and draws on both quantitative and qualitative methods. Proposed data collection methods include a survey questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. 11 pages; 45 footnotes; 41 bibliographic sources. 3,174 words.

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17148. Total Quality Management (Tqm) and Organizational Change.

This paper looks at the connection between Total Quality Management (TQM) and organizational change in contemporary management practice. The paper begins with a discussion of the definition and history of TQM (including the recent TQM comeback) and an overview of the types of organizations using TQM. It is argued that widespread organizational change has always been an underlying assumption of the TQM process. When successfully implemented, TQM can help companies adapt to rapidly changing environments and serve as a facilitator for more radical internal changes (such as those related to reengineering) as well as an enabling factor in the development of a climate of sustainable continuous improvement and innovation. Keywords: change quality reengineering management. 15 pages; 62 footnotes; 28 bibliographic sources. 4,163 words.

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17145. Social Learning Theory & Modeling: An Explanation for the Harmful Effects of Tv Violence.

This paper begins with a brief review of the research findings on the link between exposure to TV violence and aggressive behavior in children. Following this, the paper discusses how Bandura’s social leaning theory and work on “modeling” provides a theoretical explanation for the harmful effects of television violence on children and adolescents. 11 pages; 25 footnotes; 10 bibliographic sources. 2,551 words.

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17140. The Great Migration and Race Relations in America.

This paper considers the history, scope and impact of the Great Migration of blacks from the rural south to the urban north beginning in 1915. Following an overview of the forces driving the Great Migration and a discussion of the status of race relations prior to the migration, the analysis draws on examples from various northern and western cities and the South in general to examine how the Great Migration changed race relations in both the North and the South. Demonstrates how the Great Migration turned race into a national, versus just a southern issue. The argument is made that the migration, and more specifically, the pattern of settlement in the migration (with blacks clustered in geographically segregated areas of the cities) set the stage for increased racial conflict. KEYWORDS: black migration southern us northern cities racial conflict us american migratory patterns african americans. APA Style. 21 pages; 39 footnotes; 17 bibliographic sources. 4,908 words.

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17139. Law and Social Control.

This paper critically analyzes five basic insights generated from viewing the law through the lens of the social scientist: 1) law is not free; 2) law is delivered by actors with limited resources and interests of their own in settings where they have discretion; 3) people cannot be expected to comply passively with the law; 4) avoidance and evasion are important ways in which our society deals with conflict; and 5) law’s influence in American society tends to be indirect, subtle, and ambiguous. Each insight is analyzed from the perspective of a sociological interpretation of the law. KEYWORDS: law society us american legal system social control citizens. APA Style. 36 pages; 26 footnotes; 18 bibliographic sources. 8,359 words.

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17130. Rational Choice and Routine Activities Theories of Crime.

Following a brief discussion of the central tenets of each theory, this analysis describes and discusses how the Rational Choice perspective on crime serves as an explanation for robbery and how the Routine Activity theory can work to explain burglary. TAGS: criminological theory delinquency theory crime causation theories rational choice routine activities. 10 pages; 19 footnotes; 5 bibliographic sources. 2,371 words.
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17129. Comparing Two Criminology Theories: Social Bond Theory Versus Self-Control Theory.

This paper compares and contrasts two different theories of criminality: Hirschi’s Social Bond theory and Gottfredson & Hirschi’s subsequently developed Self Control theory. Each theory falls generally with the category of criminological control theories, but they differ on where they place the bulk of the responsibility for criminal motivation (social bond focuses on society and social relations, while self-control theory places the causes of crime within the individual criminal). TAGS: criminological theory crime causation tavis hirschi social bond social control theories juvenile delinquency theory delinquents criminals. APA Style. 8 pages; 13 footnotes; 4 bibliographic sources. 1,864 words.
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$63

17128. Explaining White Collar Crime.

This paper provides an overview and analysis of criminological theories which help to explain white collar crime. While the importance of both Sutherland’s theory of differential association and leftist Critical theory (and its indictment of U.S.-style capitalism) are acknowledged, it is argued that Rosenfeld & Messner’s update and expansion of Merton’s theory of social structure and anomie best explains white collar crime when one accounts for the offender and victim profiles, types of offenses, and the situational/contextual elements of white collar crime. KEYWORDS: criminological theory crime causation white collar crimes critical theory anomie. 10 pages; 19 footnotes; 6 bibliographic sources. 2,399 words.

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17127. Strain Theory in Criminology.

This paper provides a brief overview and analysis of strain theory as originally formulated by Robert K. Merton and as modified and expanded by Cloward & Ohlin’s work on opportunity theory in subcultures. The analysis also looks at Rosenfeld and Messner’s update of Merton’s anomie theory and their focus on the institutional imbalance of power (with the economy dominating other institutions including family, polity, and education) and the difficulty of addressing the crime problem in the U.S. without making sweeping changes to underlying social institutions. TAGS: crime theory anomie strain robert merton causes crime juvenile delinquency theory criminology. 10 pages; 18 footnotes; 6 bibliographic sources. 2,251 words.
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$70

17124. The 20th Century Rehabilitation Model and Female Prisoners in Great Britain.

This paper traces the impact of the development of the 20th century rehabilitation model (as mandated by the Gladstone Committee in 1895) on female prisoners in Great Britain. The impact is noted in terms of changes in prison labor, dress, and prisoner relations as well as in terms of the introduction of educational programs, job training, borstal training, and open prisons. Negative aspects of the developing model are also noted (e.g., failure to update training programs, treatment of female prisoners as mental patients, etc.). KEYWORDS: prison system great britain 20th century rehabilitation model prisons england wales. 9 pages; 20 footnotes; 14 bibliographic sources. 2,634 words.

$63

17123. Social Research Methods in the Study of the History of Women's Imprisonment in Great Britain in the 19th and 20th Centuries.

This paper evaluates the usefulness and problems of historical social research for an investigation and critical review of the history of the imprisonment of women in Great Britain during the 19th and 20th centuries. 9 pages; 20 footnotes; 18 bibliographic sources. 2,280 words.

$63

17121. Hofestede on Chinese and American Values: Implications for Management.

This paper discusses and analyzes Geert Hofstede’s value dimensions of national culture within the context of two different national cultures: Chinese and American. The analysis compares and contrasts the dominant cultural values of each within the framework of Hofstede’s original four dimensions – power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism-collectivism, and masculinity-femininity – and within the framework of his subsequently identified fifth dimension: long-term orientation, also labeled Confucian Dynamism. Following a brief overview of Hofstede’s research, the analysis compares and contrasts American and Chinese culture across the five dimensions and considers the implications for management. 10 pages; 34 footnotes; 11 bibliographic sources. 2,385 words.

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17021. Three Models to Explain Substance Abuse.

This paper describes the disease, behavioral and sociological models explaining the problem of substance abuse. It is argued that the sociological theory provides the most complete and effective approach for the prevention and treatment of substance abuse. Keywords: addiction treatment causation models. 5 pages; 17 footnotes; 6 bibliographic sources. 1,317 words.

$35

17012. "Race" and Racism.

Viewing the topic from a British perspective, this paper argues that it is important to have a theoretical and historical understanding of race and racism. Although “race” is a social construct rather than a fixed biological category, “racism” nonetheless has a real social impact, both because of prejudice and because people identify themselves with their “race”. Keywords: racism racial identity race theory. 15 pages; 49 footnotes; 12 bibliographic sources. 3,775 words.

$105

17004. Change Resistance in Organizations.

This paper examines the problem of resistance to organizational change. The paper looks at the reasons why people often resist change in organizations, and the ways that change resistance can be overcome. The different types of change resistance are also described. Keywords: organizational change resistance. 6 pages; 16 footnotes; 4 bibliographic sources.

$42

17003. Organizational Culture.

This paper discusses the functions of organizational culture and the possible negative and positive effects of culture on organizational performance. In addition, the paper describes the elements of an effective organizational culture and the ways that managers can use it to meet organizational objectives. Keywords: organizational culture objectives. 5 pages; 18 footnotes; 5 bibliographic sources.

$35

17002. The Sources of Leadership Power.

This paper examines the sources of power among organizational leaders and considers how that power can be used to motivate employees, and the different styles that leaders can adopt. Keywords: leaders power employee motivation. 6 pages; 28 footnotes; 4 bibliographic sources.

$42

17001. Organizational Teams.

This paper discusses how teams can benefit an organization, how effective teams can be developed, and the difficulties that might be encountered in implementing teams in organization. Keywords: teams team-building organization development. 5 pages; 20 footnotes; 4 bibliographic sources.

$35

15949. "The Declining Significance of Race" by William Julius Wilson (Book Review).

This paper provides a summary and review of Wilson’s book. According to Wilson, although racial discrimination still exists in the U.S., the opportunities for African Americans in the modern industrial era are limited more by class status than by racial status. Keywords: race relations blacks economics. 5 pages; 19 footnotes;1 bibliographic source. 1,300 words.

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15877. Increased Surveillance Following the 9/11 Terrorist Attacks.

This paper refers to a New York Times article regarding how Americans, in response to their perceptions of fear, are giving up their liberties for the sake of greater security. The paper discusses how a Weberian theorist and a functionalist theorist would interpret this development. A personal interpretation is also given, which basically agrees with the Weberian view that increased surveillance is a negative and dehumanizing (and probably ineffective) development. 10 pages; 18 footnotes; 6 bibliographic sources. 2,173 words.

$70

15871. Sport as a Social Space of Relative Freedom.

This paper addresses the claim that sports offer opportunities for people to move beyond rigid self-definitions, by examining gender issues in the sports word. Although an increasing number of women are becoming involved in sports, oppressive gender distinctions continue to exist. Yet, women's growing involvement in sports is also a step towards positive social change. 7 pages, 15 footnotes, 9 bibliographic sources.

$49

15848. "From Front Porch to Back Seat" by Beth L. Bailey.

This paper reviews Bailey's book on the evolution of American courtship and dating patterns during the course of the 20th century. 7 pages; 31 footnotes; 1 bibliographic sources.

$49

15843. "The Art of the Commonplace" by Wendell Berry (Book Review).

This paper presents a review and critique of this compilation of "agrarian essays" in which the author advocates a simple, agrarian way of life that rejects the exploitation of large-scale agribusiness concerns. This critical review includes a questioning of the extent to which it is necessary to reject technology and the urban way of life, as argued by the author. 7 pages; 10 footnotes; 1 bibliographic source.

$49

15840. "Theories of Crime" by Curran and Renzetti (Book Review).

This paper presents a chapter-by-chapter summary of this important book on criminology. The topics include hereditary, psychological, social, subcultural, radical, and feminist theories of crime causation. 8 pages; 0 footnotes; 1 bibliographic sources.

$56

15834. Critical Examination of Weber's Main Thesis in "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism".

This paper examines Max Weber's thesis regarding the influence of Protestantism on the development of capitalism and its unique "spirit." It is argued that there is a lack of evidence to support this thesis. Furthermore, alternative explanations exist for the rise of modern capitalism and its "sprit." 12 pages; 30 footnotes; 8 bibliographic sources. 2,681 words.

$84

15767. Conflicting Views on Social Power: Talcott Parsons Versus C. Wright Mills.

This paper analyzes and compares Mills' and Parsons' conceptions of power and its social systematization. Since it is the more clearly defined of the two views, the analysis begins with an overview of Mills' conception of social power and then turns to Parsons' view and the differences in the central assumptions and implications of the two versions. Concludes that Mills' conceptualization focuses on the distributive aspects of power while Parsons emphasized the consensual aspects in power. Mills' conceptualization assumes that power is inherently evil; Parsons finds social benefit in the exercise of legitimate power. 12 pages, 35 footnotes, 13 bibliographic sources.

$84

15766. Discourse Analysis: The Cultural Context.

This paper focuses on a particular aspect of the cultural context of discourse: discourses of the Self (e.g., self-identity) and discourses of Other (which label or describe the out-group, discourses representing resistance against or oppression of the other, etc.) among cultural minorities and dominant groups. Through a review of the current literature on the cultural context of discourse analysis, this investigation explores how ethnic/cultural/linguistic minorities define self-identity through discourse; how minorities employ discourse as a strategy of cultural resistance; how dominant groups use discourse to define their own identities and to re-define those of minorities; and how discourses are used as tools of oppression and reinforcers of stereotypes. Five appendices provide detailed examples of linguistic/culturally-specific assessments.KEYWORDS: language culture discourse analysis linquistics communications stereotypes. 15 pages, 41 footnotes, 19 bibliographic sources. 5,345 words.

$105

15747. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Max Weber).

A summary of Chapters 2, 3, 4a and 5, covering Weber's perspective on such things as the connection between Protestant asceticism and the "spirit" of capitalism, the role of entrepreneurs, the Protestant "calling," and the influence of Calvinism. 14 pages, 1 footnote, 1 bibliographic source.

$98

15727. Tantric Buddhism.

The perspective of max Weber is used to examine the development of Tantric Buddhism and to explain how the influence of tantrism became marginalized and/or moderated over time. For example, the "magical" aspects of tantrism appealed to the masses, but orthodox religious leaders sought to sublimate those elements and make them more "contemplative" than "orgiastic." 9 pages, 34 footnotes, 9 bibliographic sources.

$63

15686. Feminism, Globalization and the Australian State: Perspectives of Giddens and Foucault.

This paper draws on the perspective of the social theories of Michel Foucault and Anthony Giddens to explain and analyze the Australian government's approach to feminist issues and the gendering of world politics in an era of globalization. Focusing especially on Giddens' conceptions of globalization and self-reflexivity and Foucault's theories of power and identity (with reference to queer theory and Butler's expansion of Foucault's ideas to gender identity and relations), the analysis looks at the changing position of women within the Australian state, political leadership and politics and the state's changing approach to women and feminist issues in an era of globalization. KEYWORDS: foucault feminist theory globalization australia status women feminism. APA Style. 23 pages, 59 footnotes, 26 bibliographic sources. 6,308 words.

$133

15681. And the Band Played on: The Aids Epidemic and a Community in Disaster.

Using Randy Shilts' (1987) And The Band Played On as the primary source, this paper examines the early years of the AIDS epidemic as a disaster affecting the gay community within the broader context of collective stress situations, as depicted in Barton's (1969) Communities in Disaster. The impact and responses of the AIDS disaster is compared with three other disasters in Barton's (1969) book: the 1952 Arkansas tornado, the Irish Famine, and the bombing of Hiroshima. KEYWORDS: aids epidemic book review community disaster response. APA Style. 15 pages, 21 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 3,919 words.

$105

15652. A Sociological Perspective on the Islamic Faith.

This investigation provides a multi-dimensional, blended perspective on the Islamic faith drawing on elements from the three major sociological paradigms of structural-functionalism (functionalism), social conflict, and symbolic interaction. The investigation begins with a brief overview of the major tenets and structures of Islamism and a comparison of how Islamism versus Christianity or Judaism fits within a sociology of religions framework. The analysis then examines the structures and functions of Islamism and Islamic society. 13 pages, 24 footnotes, 11 bibliographic sources.

$91

15632. Rapists: Types, Co-Factors, and Antecedents.

After briefly identifying the differences between rapists and other sexual offenders and providing a general overview of the heterogeneity of rapists, this paper discusses some of the major typologies or schemata used to categorize rapists and explores some of the psychological, environmental, and other antecedent factors which appear to be associated with rape and rapists. KEYWORDS: rape rapists sex offenders types causes criminality term paper. APA Style. 9 pages, 41 footnotes, 16 bibliographic sources. 2,657 words.

$63

15631. Explaining Rape: Current & Emerging Models.

This research paper provides an overview and analysis of the current and emerging explanations for rape. The first part of the report focuses on recent literature concerning biological/genetic theories of rape. The second part of the paper reviews a broad range of single-factor and multiple-factor theories of rape, including psychodynamic theory, personality theory, sexual preference theory, feminist theory, socio-biological theory, and integrative theories. KEYWORDS: theory rape causes explanatory models sex offenses rapists term paper. APA Style. 21 pages, 96 footnotes, 37 bibliographic sources. 5,803 words.

$133

15627. Learning Organizations & Change.

After agreeing with the statement that "constant change is here to stay" (and providing supporting reasons for that agreement), this paper examines the rise of the "learning organization" as a contemporary HRM issue. The analysis considers the significance of the "learning organization" and organizational learning in the context of constant change, evaluating and discussing how a learning organization may be better suited to adapt to change than a traditional or "non-learning" organization. KEYWORDS: learning organization organizational change hrm. APA Style. 13 pages, 38 footnotes, 14 bibliographic sources. 3,173 words.

$91

15618. The Sociology of Deviance: The Perspective of Becker.

This paper critically examines Howard Becker's labeling theory (1963) view that "social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance." The first section provides an explication of Becker's statement within the broader context of labeling theory and social deviance. The next section considers Becker's formulations within the context of specific examples. Finally, the analysis examines the possibility of bringing the labeled outsider back "inside" through a process using Braithwaite's theory of re-integrative shaming. 15 pages, 27 footnotes, 12 bibliographic sources.

$105

15613. The Causes of Crime.

This research paper provides an analytical review of scholarly literature on the causes of crime and criminal behavior among adults and juveniles. Looking at both classical and contemporary theories, the paper summarizes the major theories of criminal causation, beginning with early "spiritual" explanations for crime and extending through the classical school, the positivist school, and to contemporary environmentalist, individualist, and integrative theories on criminal behavior. Included among the specific theories considered are biological theory, strain theory, subcultural deviance theory, social learning theory, control theory, conflict theory, labeling theory, the theory of differential association, and biosocial theory. The essay places an emphasis on those theories which have been particularly influential in the United States and the American criminal justice system.APA Style. 26 pages, 115 footnotes, 44 bibliographic references. 9,428 words.
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TAGS: crime causes criminal behavior causation crime theories juvenile delinquency theory labeling differential association social learning.

$133

15591. Standard English Versus Local Dialects in Great Britain.

The debate over whether public discourses should be conducted only in the "Queen's English" shows the relationship that exists between power and language. Using a Marxist and pluralist viewpoint, it is argued that the growing diversity of British society requires more acceptance of local dialects. The African-Caribbean dialect is used to illustrate how dialects are expressive and provide a sense of identity and pride, despite their advantages in the "public" society. 11 pages, 31 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources.

$77

15589. The Souls of Black Folk (w.e.b. Dubois) and Race Matters (Cornel West).

DuBois' 1903 and West's 1993 works are concerned with race relations in the U.S.; however, there are many differences between them because of the different timeframes in which they were written. On the other hand, both writers agree that psychological damage is caused by racism and that African-Americans themselves need to take action in order to improve the situation. 6 pages, 22 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources.

$42

15563. Marriage in Islam and the West.

Both cultures view marriage as important to the social order, forbid marriage between blood relations, and advocate similar sex roles for husbands and wives. However, Islam places more emphasis on spirituality and the control of sexuality in marriage than is found among the often-secularized views of the West. It is also argued that many of the elements of Islamic marriage regarded as "bad" by Westerners are due to patriarchal traditions, not to Islamic beliefs themselves. 11 pages, 25 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources.

$77

15533. Leadership Training.

Discusses the importance of leadership training in organizations and compares what successful programs (such as "Seven Habits" and "Learning Organizations," among others) have in common. On this basis, a plan for a leadership training module is presented, with a discussion of the various elements to be contained within it. Includes outline. 13 pages, 36 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources.

$91

15483. Religion in Contemporary Society (Chalfant, Beckley and Palmer).

A chapter-by-chapter summary of the 1981 book, with its discussions of such things as the role of religion in group behavior and individual lives, religious pluralism in America, non-traditional religions, the role of ethnic and class factors, and more. 13 pages, 0 footnotes, 1 bibliographic reference.

$91

15482. Summary of King Lear (Shakespeare).

Summarizes the plot of this tragic play, which is concerned with the problems of King Lear and the Earl of Gloucester in dealing with the offspring. 6 pages, 7 footnotes, 1 bibliographic reference.

$42

15481. Insanity: Legal Versus Psychiatric Viewpoints.

This research paper provides an overview and analysis of legal versus psychiatric/medical views of insanity with a particular focus on the insanity defense and the legal approach to mental illness in the criminal courts. The essay begins with a historical background on the development of the insanity defense. Following this, we consider the use and components of the insanity defense in contemporary American jurisprudence, looking at the acceptance of the insanity defense as a valid legal strategy in various jurisdictions, the alternatives to the insanity defense, and the psychiatric and legal issues surrounding insanity defenses and the disposition of acquitted defendants. KEYWORDS: law psychiatry legal status mentally ill persons insanity defense term paper. APA Style. 13 pages, 48 footnotes, 21 bibliographic sources. 5,502 words.

$91

15474. Democratization in Brazil.

This report examines both the process and the results to date of democratization in Brazil. The first section examines theories of democratic transition, focusing on Samuel P. Huntington's (1991) The Third Wave and considering its application to Brazil. Again using Huntington's theory of democratization as the framework for analysis, the second part of the report presents a case analysis of democratization in Brazil, looking first at how Brazil made the transformation from an authoritarian to a democratic form of rule, and then examining and evaluating Brazil's progress and success to date with democratization. 25 pages, 67 footnotes, 34 bibliographic references.

$133

15463. Mexican Immigration & Acculturation.

This research paper provides an overview and analysis of Mexican immigration and acculturation/assimilation in the United States. The essay begins with a background overview on the history and current character of Mexican immigration to the U.S. Following a discussion of models of assimilation/acculturation, the paper then focuses on the acculturation/ assimilation of Mexican immigrants and their descendants, looking at factors such as language acquisition, economic integration, and adoption of American social-cultural values and traditions. KEYWORDS: mexican immigration immigrants mexican-americans assimilation language acquisition mexicans term paper. MLA Style. 16 pages, 57 footnotes, 33 bibliographic references.

$112

15430. Irish-Americans & Jewish-Americans.

A Comparison of Two American Ethnic Groups. This comparative analysis of one of the nation's biggest majority groups (Irish-Americans) and one of the country's smallest minorities (Jewish-Americans) considers the similarity and differences in their respective experiences in terms of the timing and context of arrival, cultural traditions, discrimination, society mobility, and ethnic identity. The first part of the analysis provides a summary of the general scope and pattern of each group's settlement in America. The second part of the analysis compares and contrasts the experience of the two groups from the time of their arrival in America up until the present. KEYWORDS: irish americans jewish americans ethnic minority culture history term paper. APA Style. 17 pages, 87 footnotes, 21 bibliographic sources. 5,883 words.

$119

15213. Critique of Three Books of African-American Ethnicity.

According to Stephen Steinberg in The Ethnic Myth, ethnicity should be studied from an historical-structural perspective rather than a cultural perspective. America Black and White (Thernstrom and Thernstrom), Black Movements in America (Robinson) and Stylin' (Shane and White) are critiqued in terms of whether or not they meet the criteria established by Steinberg. 7 pages, 14 footnotes, 4 bibliographic references.

$49

15206. Comparison of Hamlet and Antigone.

Compares these characters of Shakespeare and Sophocles by looking at their strengths and weaknesses, the challenges they face, the impact of their deaths, and the lessons that can be learned from them. 7 pages, 10 footnotes, 2 bibliographic references.

$49

15201. Street Corner Society (Whyte).

It is argued that this 1930s study of Italian youth gangs is a work of classic ethnography. In particular, the appendix of the study contains valuable information on participant observation and other fieldwork methodologies, as well as describing in a step-by-step fashion how Whyte came to immerse himself into the society he studied. 6 pages, 10 footnotes, 2 bibliographic references.

$42

15199. The Class Structuring of Capitalist Societies.

Economic changes in the 20th century resulted in the world becoming more "multicultural" than before. According to some theorists, these changes have caused the concept of class to decline in significance; however, it is argued that this is an overly optimistic view, based on a limited definition of "class." By contrast, other writers, particularly in Britain, have argued that class inequalities have become strengthened rather than weakened. 7 pages, 15 footnotes, 5 bibliographic references.

$49

15198. Nicos Poulantzas and Heidi Hartmann on Class Structuring in Contemporary Capitalist Society.

Both theorists follow a Marxist orientation, but they differ from one another because of Poulantzas' structuralism and Hartmann's feminism. Poulantzas expanded and clarified Marxist class theory by adding new categories and definitions; Hartmann argues that the patriarchial exploitation of women goes beyond class distinctions and that it has its locus in the family and housework. 6 pages, 21 footnotes, 6 bibliographic references.

$42

15196. The Class Structuring of Capitalist Societies.

$42

15195. Gambling Casinos on Native American Reservations.

Critics claim that the casinos encourage crime, corruption, compulsive gambling, tribal divisions, and other problems. However, this paper argues for allowing casinos because they are a sovereign right and provide various economic benefits. 7 pages, 22 footnotes, 6 bibliographic references.

$49

15168. The Emergence of Aids in the Early 1980s, and Its Impact on the Gay/Lesbian Community.

At first, shock and denial, as well as economic and political concerns, caused the community to not react appropriately to the crisis. However, by the end of the decade, the gay and lesbian community was actively involved in AIDS education and caring for victims. 7 pages, 17 footnotes, 6 bibliographic references.

$49

15160. Ain't No Makin' It (Macleod): Ambition and Social Status in America.

MacLeod's study is concerned with the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on educational and vocational aspirations. This paper discusses MacLeod's views on how young people of low SES either accept or reject the dominant "achievement ideology," and on how "mediating variables" are needed for them to overcome structural constraints. Other studies and opinions regarding this issue are also referred to. 10 pages, 22 footnotes, 6 bibliographic references.

$70

15153. Street Corner Society (Whyte) and Schism and Continuity in an African Society (Turner).

Compares Turner's use of the Conflict Theory and his formal approach to observation with Whyte's use of the Interaction Theory and his absorption into the community. It is also argued that Whyte's study provides more information regarding the experiences that one might have in carrying out fieldwork. 7 pages, 17 footnotes, 2 bibliographic references.

$49

15102. Citizenship and the Welfare State.

This essay argues that the sociological analysis of the concept of citizenship, as first popularized by the British sociologist T.H. Marshall, remains a valid and valuable concept in trying to understand the relations of individuals to the state and to society as whole, as well as for understanding the dynamics of inter-group relationships within a society, in all types of states. KEYWORDS: T.H. Marshall sociological analysis citizenship welfare states. Parenthetical Turabian Style. 10 pages, 34 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources.

$70

15059. The Causes of Crime.

TAGS: crime causes criminal behavior causation crime theories juvenile delinquency theory labeling differential association social learning.

$133

15005. The Causes of Crime.

Looking at both classical and contemporary theories, the analysis summarizes the major theories of criminal causation, beginning with early "spiritual" explanations for crime and extending through the classical school, the positivist school, and to contemporary environmentalist, individualist, and integrative theories on criminal behavior. Included among the specific theories considered are biological theory, strain theory, subcultural deviance theory, social learning theory, control theory, conflict theory, labeling theory, the theory of differential association, and biosocial theory. An emphasis is placed upon those theories which have been particularly influential in the United States. 24 pages, 115 footnotes, 44 bibliographic references.

$133

15003. Irish Americans as an Ethnic Group.

This paper examines the controversy over whether Irish Americans are a unique ethnic group or have assimilated into American culture. Argues that they are a unique group, on the basis of self-definition and shared attitudes and beliefs. 15 pages, 44 footnotes, 12 bibliographic references.

$105

14096. The Educational System as a Mirror of an Unequal Social Structure.

This brief essay presents contemporary interpretations on Emile Durkheim’s view that education “reflects and maintains” the structure of society and that education is intended to socialize children and to prepare them for their occupational roles in society. KEYWORDS: durkheim education purpose social structure inequality. MLA Style. 3 pages, 6 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources.

$21

14077. Interest Group Theory.

Using Mancur Olson's (1965) classic book, The Logic of Collective Action, as a starting point for the analysis, this term paper presents an analysis and overview of interest group theory. The paper considers the major contributions of Olson's work towards the understanding of interest groups. Discusses the limitations of Olson's theory, drawing upon the works of other analysts and theorists in the field. The essay specifically considers the limitations of Olson's work with regard to the existence of ideologically-based interest groups and the political influence of the media. KEYWORDS: mancur olson logical collective action book review interest group theory term paper. APA Style. 18 pages, 33 footnotes, 9 bibliographic sources. 4,656 words.

$126

14055. Family Friendly Organizations.

This paper provides an overview and analysis of “work-family” issues (considering the topic from its more inclusive term of “work-life”) and their impact on the organization, in terms of making the organization more “family-friendly”. The first section provides a general overview of the history and evolution of “work/family” concepts and traces the demographic and organizational/work changes which have spurred the focus on these issues. The next section surveys the current status of “family-friendly” policies and practices in organizations, looking at the scope and breadth of these programs and considering factors such as barriers to implementation as well as benefits accruing to the organization and the individual as the result of family-friendly policies and practices. A concluding section examines the future issues in the “family-friendly” organization. KEYWORDS: work family conflict family friendly organizations term paper. APA Style. 24 pages, 62 footnotes, 35 bibliographical sources. 6,219 words.

$133

14033. Globalization and the Problem of Labor Market Abuse.

This report considers the influence of globalization on abuses in labor markets (focusing in particular on the problem of the exploitation of workers) from the perspective of sociological theory. Following an introduction to the problem, the economic, cultural and political aspects of the problem are considered from the perspective of Chase-Dunn’s (1998) world systems theory, Robertson’s (1992) globalization theory, and Sassen’s (1998) theories (political, economic, feminist) on globalization and its problems. The concluding sections present a re-framing of the problem and a proposed research design to test the arguments made within that re-framing. 15 pages, 34 footnotes, 9 bibliographic references.

$105

14014. Teenage Pregnancy.

This paper discusses the extent of the problem, as well as the various factors that contribute to it. The controversy over whether teens should be taught abstinence or sex education is discussed, as well as the role of parental influence and suggestions for programs and campaigns to address the problem. 7 pages, 24 footnotes, 6 bibliographic references.

$49

14005. The Cultural Attitudes of Americans in the 1800s and the 1950s.

Based on the books 60 Miles From Contentment (Dunlop) and As Seen on TV (Marling), it is argued that cultural attitudes have changed because Americans have more leisure time and live more home-based lifestyles than before. The paper emphasizes the ways these changes have impacted the lives of women. 7 pages, 13 footnotes, 2 bibliographic references.

$49

14000. The Problem of Violence and the Issue of Gun Control.

This paper considers the policy recommendations that would probably be made by representatives of three major sociological perspectives (functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism). It is concluded that policy making should not be limited to any one theoretical approach; it should be flexible and make use of the best that each theory has to offer. 13 pages, 27 footnotes, 9 bibliographic references.

$91

13971. Modern Mormons: Expansion of the Lds Church.

This term paper provides an overview and analysis of modern Mormonism, a religion which one analyst notes is “in the late stages of a momentous transformations from a regional subculture to a major Christian denomination.” Taking a sociological viewpoint, the analysis considers the forces and strategies underlying this transformations and examines the current—and likely future—position of Mormonism in the society of world religions. Profiles church history, basic beliefs, organizational structure, attitudes towards minorities and women, and missionary activities. KEYWORDS: Church of Ladder-Day Saints mormons mormonism. APA Style. 15 pages, 54 footnotes, 28 bibliographic references. 5,307 words.

$105

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