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20D. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

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18884. Multicultural Psychology.

This research paper is concerned with multicultural psychology, an area of study and practice that has grown in importance in recent decades and is expected to continue to grow. In order to meet the needs of diverse cultural groups in society, it is argued that multicultural psychology should be established as a subspecialty of psychology. TAGS: multicultural psychology, culture, counseling, ethnic differences, multiculturalism, diversity, promoting diversity counselors, term paper, essay. APA Style. 6 pages, 19 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 1,385 words. 		  $42
 

18721. Wilhelm Reich, Caldwell and Kepner on Somatic Psychology.

This paper discusses the practices of somatic psychology, with an emphasis on how the practices are applied to the development and evolution of the self. Somatic psychology is based on the principle that working with the body helps clients relieve their stress and increase their awareness so they can attain personal and spiritual growth. The paper includes references to the views of Christine Caldwell, Wilhelm Reich, James I. Kepner, and Ron Kurtz (inventor of the Hakomi method). TAGS: somatic psychology bodywork Reich development self. APA Style. 7 pages, 23 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources. 1,654 words. 		  $49
 

18640. Like Academicresearchpapers on Facebook.

LIKE us on Facebook for access to special offers and free information and research related to academic research papers, term papers, essays, case study solutions, nursing plans, thesis, dissertations and topics related to higher education
   $133
 

18541. Social Cognitive Theory in the Classroom.

This paper discusses how the social cognitive theory of child development can be applied to classroom settings for the purpose of motivating students and improving their behavior and self-efficacy. For example, the theory provides guidelines for the use of modeling and for the development of effective reward systems. KEYWORDS: Bandura self-efficacy education teaching social cognitive theory modeling. APA Style. 6 pages, 10 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources. 1,320 words. 		  $42
 

18058. “Results-Based Leadership” by Dave Ulrich, Jack Zenger, and Norm Smallwood.

This paper critically reviews the book Results-Based Leadership, which argues that leadership is not simply about "attributes" but also about attaining measurable, desired results. Although certain flaws are found in the book, it is concluded that the book provides useful information on how leadership can be effectively attained in organizations. KEYWORDS: leadership leaders book review. MLA Style. 6 pages, 10 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 1,363 words. 		  $42
 

18039. Women & Leadership.

This paper examines the role of women as managerial leaders and the differences between male and female styles of leadership. Research studies have shown that men tend to be more aggressive and controlling as leaders while women tend to be more focused on personal relationships. Although the male style has been traditionally associated with success, there is evidence that the female style is more appreciated by followers. The paper argues for a new paradigm of leadership that incorporates the styles associated with both genders. KEYWORDS: leadership management women gender differences female leaders. MLA Style. 5 pages, 12 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources. 1,287 words. 		  $35
 

18037. Effective Listening Strategies.

This paper discusses the importance of effective listening strategies in the improvement of interpersonal communications. The research paper covers the definition of key concepts, theories, the value of using listening strategies, and the steps to effective listening. It concludes with a personal viewpoint on what can be done to improve one's own listening skills. KEYWORDS: interpersonal communications listening strategies. APA Style. 8 pages, 17 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 1,949 words. 		  $56
 

17745. The Psychological Effects of Spouse Abuse: Contextual Factors in the Psychological Suffering of Victims.

This paper provides an overview and analysis of the psychological effects of spouse abuse, considering in particular the contextual factors which may serve to exacerbate, mitigate or protect against psychological harm. A review of recent studies provides support for the working hypotheses that the chronic nature and severity of abuse is associated with more extensive psychological impact and that a variety of contextual factors influence victims’ psychological responses to spouse abuse. Type of abuse, history of abuse, social support, socioeconomic factors, gender, and coping skills are among the factors influencing the psychological impact of spouse abuse. KEYWORDS: spouse abuse interpersonal partner violence battered women psychological effects depression ptsd trauma behavior. 12 pages, 45 footnotes, 18 bibliographic sources. 3,473 words. 		  $84
 

17728. Effective Listening Strategies in Interpersonal Communication.

This paper provides an overview and analysis of effective listening strategies, a vital element of interpersonal communication. “Listening” is defined and distinguished from mere “hearing” and key concepts in effective listening such as “dialogue”, “empathizing” and the use of open-ended questions are defined and discussed. Following a discussion of theories of listening (particularly those related to psychologist Carl Rogers), the paper discusses the elements of effective listening, providing specific examples. A concluding section takes a personal viewpoint on how an individual might improve his or her own listening style. KEYWORDS: interpersonal communications listening carl rogers. APA Style. 8 pages, 10 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 1,890 words. 		  $56
 

17703. Stress and the Aviator.

This paper provides an overview and analysis of stress and the aviator, focusing on pilots but also considering stress and the flight crew in general. Following a definition and overview of stress and its varieties in the aviation environment, the analysis identifies common sources of stress among aviators and in the flight environment, describes the potential negative consequences of the stress (e.g., impact on air safety, decision-making, relations with colleagues, etc.) and discusses ways to cope with and reduce stress. KEYWORDS: psychological stress stressors aviation pilots cockpit management. APA Style. 16 pages, 32 footnotes, 15 bibliographic sources. 4,006 words. 		  $112
 

17640. Shoplifting and Social Learning Theory.

After a brief overview of the scope of the problem of shoplifting by adolescents, this paper analyzes social learning with the view that it provides the most appropriate means for explaining the crime of adolescent shoplifting. Adolescent shoplifters learn their behaviors by communicating with and observing peers who shoplift. By contrast, they fail to form the types of social attachments that would be helpful in reducing shoplifting and other criminal behaviors. TAGS: social learning theory shoplifting juvenile crime and delinquency theory. APA Style. 7 pages, 13 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources. 1,671 words.
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17616. Gender Development.

This paper provides an overview and analysis of gender development in childhood. The paper discusses the biological influences on gender development and compares the major social and cognitive theories on gender development. Theories considered included the psychoanalytic perspective, social role theory, cognitive development theory, gender schema theory, and the social cognitive theory. Concludes that the social cognitive theory provides the best and the most thorough explanation of how gender role and identity arise in childhood. KEYWORDS: gender development gender identity gender role child development. MLA Style. 10 pages, 15 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources. 2,374 words. 		  $70
 

17591. Online Dating.

This paper provides an overview and analysis of the online dating industry. Following a brief history of online dating and a discussion of its current status, the paper discusses why people use online dating services as well as the opportunities and pitfalls associated with the experience. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the effectiveness of the online dating experience, arguing that while online dating can be successful in terms of forming long-term relationships, as a general rule, a great deal of trial-and-error is also involved in the entire online dating experience. KEYWORDS: online dating cyber relationships internet romance. MLA Style. 15 pages, 29 footnotes, 16 bibliographic sources. 3,495 words. 		  $105
 

17483. The International Olympic Committee (Ioc).

This paper provides a profile of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), focusing on the corruption scandals and the efforts to reform the committee. Argues that corruption within the IOC did not begin with the Salt Lake City Olympic bid, but has instead steadily increased since the IOC’s founding in 1894. Traces the history and background of the IOC, discusses the Salt Lake City corruption scandal and recent failed efforts to reform the Committee, and outlines the steps that need to be taken to address the ethical problems in the IOC. KEYWORDS: Olympics management scandal ico ethics sports. MLA Style. 13 pages, 24 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources. 3,032 words. 		  $91
 

17476. Child Abuse.

This paper provides an overview and analysis of the problem of child abuse. Defines child abuse and outlines the scope of the problem in the US today, explores some of known correlates and suspected underlying causes of child abuse, and considers some of the steps that professionals (physicians, social workers, etc.), the government, helping agencies, schools, and the community in general can take to address this problem. KEYWORDS: child abuse neglect MLA Style. 9 pages, 27 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources. 2,237 words. 		  $63
 

17457. The Tsunami Generation: Psycho-Social Consequences of the 2004 Tsunami.

This paper considers the longer-term psycho-social consequences of the 2004 tsunami on the communities most devastated by the event. The analysis focuses in particular on the potential future consequences of a disaster which had such a major impact on the children of the region. The analysis considers the consequences both in terms of the children survivors and in terms of the impact of a disaster which killed such a large number of children. Possible future scenarios considered include adjustment difficulties and widespread post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among child survivors, victimization of child survivors, change in how society views children, PTSD and survivor guilt among parents who lost children, and the broader future social consequences. KEYWORDS: Asian tsunami post-traumatic stress disorder children social psychological impact disasters. 10 pages; 23 footnotes; 19 bibliographic references. 2,767 words. 		  $70
 

17426. Domestic Violence: Spouse Abuse.

Provides an overview and analysis of the problem of domestic violence within the context of the marital couple (former and current). The first part of the paper examines the theories explaining spouse abuse and considers the correlates of intimate partner violence, including alcohol/substance abuse, family abuse history, economic factors, and social factors. The second part of the paper discusses the extent and nature of the problem in U.S. society. The third section looks at existing and potential strategies (legal, social, practical, psychological) to address the problem. KEYWORDS: domestic violence causes spouse abuse theories correlates intimate partner violence. APA Style. 17 pages, 68 footnotes, 29 bibliographic sources. 5,650 words. 		  $119
 

17391. Feminist Social Research.

This paper provides an overview and analysis of the concept and application of feminist social research. The concept of feminist social research is defined, and its central elements contrasted with those of traditionally-defined male-centered “scientific” research. Both the major epistemological perspectives and the central methodologies of feminist social research are discussed. Through a review of current literature on the topic, the analysis seeks to identify what is distinctive about feminist social research and to illustrate these distinctive elements with examples drawn from feminist social research studies. KEYWORDS: feminism feminist research methods methodology social research postmodern lived experience qualitative. APA Style. 15 pages, 39 footnotes, 12 bibliographic sources. 4,083 words. 		  $105
 

17325. An Interview on Motivation.

This paper discusses the findings from a 50 minute interview regarding a particular person’s motivation. The subject for the interview was a forty-three-year old man named Danny. The questions for the interview were designed to uncover (without being too intrusive) the physiological and psychological factors that influence Danny’s sense of motivation. The analysis includes a summary of the subject’s current motivational state and recommendations on life changes. The interview questions and an edited summary of the subject’s responses are included. KEYWORDS: individual motivation motivational theory interview. 10 pages, 8 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources. 2,674 words. 		  $70
 

17312. Jung and Leisure Theory.

This paper considers the ways that the views of Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) can be applied to the field of leisure theory. Although there is currently an absence of Jung’s ideas in the leisure theory field, this paper argues that Jung’s ideas are, in actuality, quite applicable to the study of leisure in the contemporary age. Discusses possible applications of Jung’s theories of the anima and animus, dreams, psychological types, and the collective unconscious have application to leisure theory. KEYWORDS: jungian psychology Carl Jung leisure studies. 10 pages, 19 footnotes, 3 bibliographic sources. 2,325 words. 		  $70
 

17297. Fashion and Identity.

. This paper presents an overview of the role of fashion in the construction of identity. There is widespread agreement among social theorists that fashion is a primary factor in how individuals define and express themselves. In many cases, fashion is used to express an “alternative” sense of identity (among feminists and counterculture youth, for example). Concludes that while differences in fashion are found around the world in terms of such things as gender, social class, and age, there are also cultural variations. In addition, the values that relate to meaning and identity in fashion tend to change over the course of time. KEYWORDS: fashion clothing symbolic representation identity. 10 pages, 37 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources. 2,406 words. 		  $70
 

17280. Case Study Analysis: “the Call of the Wild Car Alarm.”

This paper presents a summary analysis of a case study (found in a consumer psychology text) about why people routinely ignore car alarms. Draws on perceptual theories to explain why people are more likely to pay attention to some types of alarms and not others. KEYWORDS: case study car alarm human perception psychology. 5 pages, 1 footnote, 1 bibliographic source. 1,352 words. 		  $35
 

17243. The Reintegrative Shaming Theory of John Braithwaite.

This paper argues that Braithwaite’s “reintegrative” approach to reducing recidivism among delinquents is more effective than approaches that use “disintegrative shaming” techniques. The strengths and weaknesses of the theory are considered, as well as its usefulness in community-based “restorative justice”. 5 pages; 7 footnotes; 5 bibliographic sources. 1,257 words.
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17242. James Messerschmidt's Theory of "Doing Gender".

This paper discusses Messerschmidt’s theory on why men tend to commit more crimes than women, and why each gender tends to commit different types of crime. Men, for example, are constantly seeking ways to express their masculinity, and this need is influenced by factors of age, class, and race. This paper also considers the advantages and disadvantages of the theory in terms of crime control and prevention. Keywords: crime theory gender differences. 5 pages; 6 footnotes; 5 bibliographic sources. 1,178 words. 		  $35
 

17241. Biosocial Theories of Crime.

This paper discusses how biological factors, personality traits, and social (or environmental) factors interact to contribute to crime. The paper includes a discussion of “biological harms,” twin and adoption studies, and studies on the personality traits and body types of delinquents. Keywords: crime theory biology anatomy personality heredity. 6 pages; 8 footnotes; 4 bibliographic sources. 1,353 words. 		  $42
 

17237. The Social Bond Theory and the Self-Control Theory.

This paper discusses Hirschi’s view that the four elements of ‘social bonds’ play a role in preventing crime. Hirschi’s social bond theory of crime is compared with the view of Gottfredson and Hirschi regarding the role of ‘self-control’ in crime reduction. The basic similarities between the social bond and self-control theories of crime are described. Keywords: crime theory child development parental attachment. 5 pages; 7 footnotes; 5 bibliographic sources. 1,317 words. 		  $35
 

17177. Research Methods in Psychology.

This paper provides an overview and analysis of research methods in psychology. Following an overview of the scientific method and its application within psychological research, the processes of creating and testing hypotheses, evaluating a study, and creating a reliable and valid experiment are considered. The analysis also considers ethical issues in research, including the appropriate and inappropriate use of risk and deception. The statistical analysis of results and the application of descriptive and inferential statistics are also discussed. The concluding section provides a summary analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of various methods of research in psychology. Keywords: psychology research methodology experiments design. 21 pages; 42 footnotes; 11 bibliographic sources. 5,293 words. 		  $133
 

17131. Are There Leaders and Followers in Fish Shoals?

This paper explores and discusses the question of whether there are leaders and followers in fish shoals. After reviewing the basic characteristics of fish shoals and schooling behavior and summarizing the traditional view that fish shoals or schools are self-organized, leaderless systems, the paper consider the possibility of leaders and leadership roles (and by implication, followers) within organized fish aggregations. It is argued that there are indeed, leaders and followers within some fish shoals, although it is also argued that ‘leaders’ and ‘leadership’ must be differentially defined for fish shoals versus the paradigm of leadership evident in the human military organization or the wild wolf pack. Specifically, within the fish shoal, leadership occurs in the relative absence of organizational hierarchy and outside of the framework of leadership as social dominance. 15 pages; 39 footnotes; 17 bibliographic sources. 3,743 words. 		  $105
 

15974. The Impact of Crowding on Aggression.

Describes aggression as a learned behavior, and looks at the theoretical views and research studies pertaining to the effects of crowding on aggression. It is noted that some people are more prone to psychological stress when crowded, and that people of different cultures tend to react differently to conditions of crowding. It is concluded that there is a need for more research on this subject. 12 pages; 22 footnotes; 11 bibliographic sources. 3,192 words. 		  $84
 

15682. Conflict in the Cockpit.

This paper presents a case study on how crewmember personalities were major contributing causal factors in a human error-caused commercial aviation accident. Following a presentation of the accident scenario and a discussion of the personality factors in the accident, the analysis places the problem within the context of human factor-caused aviation accidents and considers ways to present such conflicts, asking specifically if the personalities of the pilot and other cockpit crew members should be pre-screened as a way to limit conflict. KEYWORDS: human factor analysis aviation accidents pilot conflict pilots co-pilots behavior personality. 13 pages, 32 footnotes, 15 bibliographic sources. 		  $91
 

15681. And the Band Played on: The Aids Epidemic and a Community in Disaster.

Using Randy Shilts' (1987) And The Band Played On as the primary source, this paper examines the early years of the AIDS epidemic as a disaster affecting the gay community within the broader context of collective stress situations, as depicted in Barton's (1969) Communities in Disaster. The impact and responses of the AIDS disaster is compared with three other disasters in Barton's (1969) book: the 1952 Arkansas tornado, the Irish Famine, and the bombing of Hiroshima. KEYWORDS: aids epidemic book review community disaster response. APA Style. 15 pages, 21 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 3,919 words. 		  $105
 

15629. A Critical Review of the Methodology in Lawes' (1999) Marriage: An Analysis of Discourse.

This paper presents a critical review of the methodology and related issues in Lawes' (1999) social psychological investigation of a group of British "Generation Xer's" construction of marriage as reported in her article, Marriage: An Analysis of Discourse. The methodology used in this study is a fairly new approach called "discourse analysis." The paper first provides an overview of this methodology, and then a step-by-step critique of Lawes' study, examining her research questions, sampling, data collection, data organization, interpretation and analysis, and conclusions. 15 pages, 44 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $105
 

15450. The Psychology of Disability.

This paper looks at disability from a psycho-social context, examining in particular the psychology of people with disabilities. Drawing on established theory and recent research, the essay examines the components of individual disability and the interaction between the individual's psychology of disability and social and environmental mediators. The term paper includes a general overview of disability in America; a review of the literature on the psychology of disability, considering the "stages of acceptance" through which the disabled person is said to progress and considering factors involved in the disabled person's adjustment to disability; and a review of the major theories which seek to explain the psychology of people with disability. Another section presents a rebuttal to the common notions of the psychological difficulties of disability. KEYWORDS: disability disabled persons psychological factors term paper. APA Style. 22 pages, 80 footnotes, 35 bibliographic references. 		  $133
 

15224. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in Advertising.

This paper describes Maslow's theory and discusses how advertisers apply it to the motivation of consumers. In addition, the use of the theory in market segmentation is discussed, as well as the view that "fun" (not explicitly addressed by Maslow) is also an important consumer motivator. 13 pages, 19 footnotes, 12 bibliographic references. 		  $91
 

14089. Death of a Spouse.

This paper provides an overview and analysis of the impact of the death of a spouse on the surviving marriage partner. Defines and explicates models of the grief process and grief reactions in spouses, considering cognitive, affective, behavioral and physiological manifestations. Discusses the variables influencing survivor grief resolution, focusing on variable related to the death circumstances (traumatic versus non-traumatic), personal factors (age, gender, personality, illness), and the quality of marital relationship. KEYWORDS: death spouse grief bereavement survivors widows. APA Style. 17 pages, 43 footnotes, 16 bibliographic sources. 4,394 words. 		  $119
 

14039. Birth Order and Personality.

This paper provides an overview and analysis of the current literature on the influence of birth order on personality. The analysis begins with an overview of the theoretical framework which supports the argument that birth order influences individual personality. The second section focuses on empirical studies of the birth-order/personality link. A concluding section summarizes the findings and argues that the connection between birth order and personality is a tenuous one at best. KEYWORDS: birth order psychology personality term paper. APA Style. 17 pages, 43 footnotes, 24 bibliographic references. 4,313 words. 		  $119
 

14007. Parental Attachment and Children's Behavior.

This termpaper provides a review of the recent scholarly literature on parental-child attachment and children’s subsequent social development with a focus on the extent to which attachment style predicts children’s subsequent behavioral problems and/ or development of pro-social behaviors. The analysis includes a review of studies which provide a general overview of secure versus insecure attachment and social adjustment; studies which address mediating factors (in particular, maternal depression) on the attachment-social development association; and studies which examine the special role disorganized attachment styles and subsequent behavioral problems. KEYWORDS: parental attachment styles social development children term paper. APA Style. 20 pages, 34 footnotes, 14 bibliographic references. 5,307 words. 		  $133
 

13940. Emotional Expression.

This paper reviews the scholarly literature on developmental research of expressed emotion. Discusses the hypothesis of the universality of expressed emotions, the facial feedback hypothesis, and the coherence of expressive modalities. The analysis considers whether or not it is possible to assume that the display of a certain emotional expression corresponds to experiencing that particular emotion. 14 pages, 25 footnotes, 12 bibliographic references. 		  $98
 

13806. The Body Language of Network News.

An insightful analysis of nonverbal communication among TV news anchors, reporters, sportscasters and weathermen. Considers the meaning of facial expressions, eye contact, hand gestures, posture and use of personal space. Provides specific examples from network newscasts. 5 pages, 3 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

13706. Gender and Empathy.

A survey of recent research on sex differences in empathy and related capacities for emotional responsiveness. The primary source is a 1983 meta-analysis empirical studies on the topic. The evidence on sex differences in empathy from this meta-analysis is supplemented with the results of two more recent studies. Concludes that gender difference in empathic capacity is probably less significant behaviorally than sex-role expectations in determining empathic responsiveness. Also concludes that while sex role expectations defined empathic response in test settings, there is probably no significant relationship between empathy and the capacity for moral reasoning and moral behavior. 9 pages, 18 footnotes, 3 bibliographic sources. 		  $63
 

13666. Physical Attractiveness and Social Persuasion.

Reviews the literature on physical attractiveness, persuasion and life success and then presents a study which tests the hypothesis that an attractive person exercises a significantly higher degree of social persuasiveness in a non-romantic setting than an unattractive person. Experimental design, procedures, variables and experimental results are reported. Data analysis confirmed the hypothesis. 8 pages, 10 footnotes, 14 bibliographic sources. 		  $56
 

13558. Crowding and Psychological Stress.

Drawing on the environmental psychology literature, this report presents an overview and analysis of the effects of crowding on the human psychological stress and behavior. Includes a review of the early theories of crowding and behavior as formulated by Hall (proxemics), Stokols ("spatial density") and others. Following a review of animal research, the study reviews the empirical and survey literature focusing on human subjects in prison, clinical and field settings. A concluding section examines recent studies of the effects of crowding on people in heavily populated developing nations. 25 pages, 48 footnotes, 16 bibliographic sources. 		  $133
 

13326. Is Heterosexuality Genetically Engineered.

Considers whether or not humans are 'genetically engineered' to form heterosexual bonds based on the evidence of chimpanzees. Drawing on the sociobiological and primatology literature, argues that despite genetic influences, heterosexual bonding is primarily a process of enculturation. 6 pages, 5 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

13200. Proxemics: The Analysis of Human Spacing Behavior.

Review and analysis of the impact of interpersonal distance on human psychology according to the models provided by proxemics (the study of man's transactions as he perceives and uses intimate, personal, social and public space in various settings). Following a detailed examination of the basic psychology of human spacing behavior, considers the closely related fields of territorality and crowding and discusses the application of proxemics to social problems (e.g., through environmental psychology). 28 pages, 61 footnotes, 11 bibliographic sources. 		  $133
 

13165. Seasonal Affective Disorder (Sad).

The Influence of Physical Environment on Human Psychology. This paper explores the physical environment-human psychology relationship through an examination of Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). Following a review of the literature on the relationship between seasonality and psychiatric disorders which helped to spur the initial clinical research on the problem of SAD, the main part of the paper provides a thorough overview of SAD, including its clinical features and major symptoms, the natural course of the illness, its distinction from other affective disorders, its epidemiology, and a discussion of treatment options with special attention to light therapy. The final section looks at the main theories of etiology in SAD, considering the role of photoperiod, melatonin, and circadian rhythms and the validity of each theory. 34 pages, 107 footnotes, 33 bibliographic sources. 		  $133
 

13137. Explaining Racial Differences in Sexual Behavior.

Following a brief review of the significant research findings on racial differences in sexual behavior, this paper provides a review and analysis of the scholarly literature which attempts to explain these differences. Considers arguments that race explains all differences, arguments that social, environmental and/or familial factors explain the divergences, and more recent arguments of multi-factor causality. 12 pages, 54 footnotes, 33 bibliographic sources. 		  $84
 

13131. The Program and Philosophy of Alcoholics Anonymous.

The importance of a support group and spiritual values in recovery. Also considers the view of alcoholism as a "sickness" rather than a "sin," and discusses the importance of people making a voluntary commitment to the program in order for it to work. 6 pages, 20 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

13089. Non Traditional Families: Impact on Children.

Based on a review of recent scholarly literature on family structure, this report examines how the recent changes in family structure and the evolution of "alternative" family structures has affected children. The first section begins with an overview of the impact of divorce, re-marriage, and step-family arrangements on children. The next section focuses on the single parent family structure and its impact on children. Included is a look at the changing structure of the single parent family itself (e.g., the rapid increase in the proportion of "never married" single parent, the growing proportion of single father families, etc.), racial differences in single parent family composition, and the differential impact (if any) of single father versus single mother family structures. A third section looks closely at the affect of gay and lesbian parental structures on children. The concluding section considers the overall affect of family structure on children. 21 pages, 93 footnotes, 35 bibliographic sources. 		  $133
 

12728. America's New Non-Traditional Families: The Impact on Children.

Careful, statistically-based survey of the emotional question of whether children in dual-worker, divorced, and single-parent families are "worse off" than children in "traditional" families where Mom is a full-time homemaker. Begins with detailed analysis of census data to show that 70% of America's 32 million households with children are "non-traditional," with exact stats on the various categories, including post-1945 histories of women's labor force participation, divorce and remarriage, and births to single mothers of various races. The study treats carefully through studies on causation of the evidence that children in single-parent families perform worse than children of two-parent families, showing that family income and histories of family disruption account for most of the differences observed, and also considers the evidence that both the rich and the poor suffer from America's child care situation, while the best child care actually improves children's performance compared to the average family. Concludes that type of family structure is one of the most important influences on outcomes of individuals, but that individual cases must still be considered individually with a myriad of variables. 12p. 10b. 22f. 		  $84
 

12568. Groups: Interaction and Performance by Joseph Mcgrath.

Discusses topics and themes in this book about the study of group types and group interaction processes and applies them to two real world group examples - Alcoholic Anonymous groups and local branches of anti-abortion groups. 6 pages, 8 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $42
 

12565. Birth Order and Personality.

A discussion of the extensive research which shows that first-borns tend to be more assertive as well as conservative. By contrast, the research indicates that later-born children tend to be submissive in some cases, but in other cases they may become competitive or even rebellious. 6 pages, 21 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

12370. Cognitive Dissonance, Stereotypes and Group Roles.

Brief discussion and analysis of three concepts from social psychology. Defines cognitive dissonance and discusses its role in aggression; defines stereotypes and considers whether or not they are evil; and discusses the concept of roles in the standing group and their influence on interactions in the acting group. 9 pages, 5 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $63
 

11983. The (Un) Reliability of Eyewitness Identification.

This term paper reviews the major factors which tend to decrease reliability of eyewitness identifications and considers some of the steps which can be taken to increase the reliability of eyewitness identification, including efforts to limit police-based suggestion and misinformation efforts, and efforts to improve witnesses recall. APA Style. 14 pages, 37 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources. 3,207 words.

TAGS: eyewitness identification, police lineups, environmental distractions, facial recognition, memory errors, police procedures, wrongful convictions.

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11924. Group Dynamics & Entrepreneurism in Large Organizations.

This paper looks at the importance of group process and group dynamics when applying the entrepreneurial process to large organizations. Drawing on both empirical research and anecdotal evidence from organizations, the analysis takes a close focus on how the team or group approach can provide the foundation for the new organizational paradigm based on innovation, risk-taking, and flexibility. KEYWORDS: entrepreneurial process innovation risk taking organization group dynamics. 22 pages, 40 footnotes, 29 bibliographic sources. 		  $133
 

11820. The Psychology of Bank Runs.

Analyzes bank runs in terms of sensation, attention, and perception. Considers the self-fulfilling prophecy of bank runs. 5 pages, 6 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $35
 

11820. The Psychology of Bank Runs.

5 pages, 6 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. See Section 20D -- Social Psychology. 		  $35
 

11642. A Social-Psychological View of the o.j. Simpson Case.

Applies social-psychological theories of interpersonal perception ot the case of the public's perception of O.J. Simpson's guilt or innocence. 6 pages, 6 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $42
 

11522. Children's Eyewitness Testimony.

This term paper examines the empirical evidence in recent psychological literature concerning the variables and factors of accuracy in children's eyewitness testimony. The research paper considers the issues of suggestibility, interview settings and techniques, and the mitigating role of social support and stress-reducing procedural modifications related to eyewitness identification and testimony in general, and children's eyewitness identification and testimony in particular. APA Style. 12 pages, 21 footnotes, 16 bibliographic sources. 3,144 words.

TAGS: eyewitness identification, child eyewitness, eyewitness testimony, social motivation, environmental effects identification, memory and facial recognition, defendant rights, police manipulation, maryland v craig.

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11318. Domestic Violence.

Overview of the problem of domestic violence, focusing on male-female spouse abuse. Defines the problem and describes its current incidence. Examines the structural (family, social, legal) and interpersonal dynamics of domestic violence. Considers the role of contributing factors such as alcohol. Looks at intervention/prevention strategies and their relative effectiveness. 14 pages, 30 footnotes, 23 bibliographic sources. 		  $98
 

11316. Leadership and Organizational Outcomes.

Examines the relationship between leadership and organizational outcomes for the organizations. Considers the meaning and functions of effective leadership, contrasting the new paradigm of "visionary" leadership with traditional leadership models. Implications for personnel managers in terms of leader development and training are considered. KEYWORDS: organizational leadership visionary leadership effective leaders. 12 pages, 36 footnotes, 17 bibliographic sources. 		  $84
 

11267. Teacher Evaluations of Student Essays: Do Looks Count?

Presents a research design for an investigation of the effect of students' physical attractiveness on teacher evaluations of student essays. Based on a review of the psychological literature on the attractiveness stereotype, it is hypothesized that student teachers will be more likely to rate "average" and "below average" essays as "above average" when such essays are accompanied by an "attractive" photograph. 10 pages, 27 footnotes, 15 bibliographic sources. 		  $70
 

11189. Communication Theory Analysis of Model Transactions Between a Bank Teller, Manager, and Customer.

Presents two brief exchanges in a bank setting. Analyzes elements of communication, determining factors, two-party versus small group communication, and predetermined versus emergent communication. 10 pages, 9 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources. 		  $70
 

11077. Space as a Factor in Non-Verbal Communication.

Focuses on significance of space and distance or proximity communication. Discusses cultural variations in use of personal space and field of proxemics. 5 pages, 18 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

10110. Research Design: The Effectiveness of Role-Playing Techniques in Business Management.

This paper presents a research design for investigating the use and effectiveness of role-playing in management training and development, conflict resolution, case problem resolution, intragroup relations training, and as an adjunct to employee selection. Presents a research design for empirical investigation of role-play effectiveness. KEYWORDS: research design role playing management training development. 12 pages, 32 footnotes, 28 bibliographic sources. 		  $84
 

09919. Research Design: Factors Contibuting to Job Satisfaction.

Proposal and research design for a study which investigates whether or not selected job characteristics, job context factors and worker perceptions of equitable compensation contribution to the job satisfaction of two groups of public administrators. Presents a review of prior research, an overview of the research problem, hypotheses, variables (independent, dependent and intervening), measurement parameters, and sampling procedures. 15 pages, 14 footnotes, 17 bibliographic sources. 		  $105
 

09807. The Hidden Agendas of an Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting.

A critical description and analysis of a visit to an AA meeting. Criticizes AA's focus on ritual forms, lifetime commitment and the disease model of alcoholism. 5 pages, 6 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

09802. The Social Psychology of Participation in the Unification Church: The Brainwashing Controversy.

Thoughtful analysis of recruitment practices in the Unification Church (Moonies) which offers a deprivation-ideological and social reactivity model as an alternative to the brainwashing theory. Includes background analysis of the Unification Church's history, ideology and practices. 17 pages, 47 footnotes, 16 bibliographic sources. 		  $119
 

09782. Seizures in Infancy and Early Childhood: Intervention Procedures.

Describes testing, identification, drug treatment and effects on language development of neonatal and early childhood seizures. 7 pages, 26 footnotes, 19 bibliographic sources. 		  $49
 

09709. Advertising and Emotions.

An analysis which shows three of the major ways in which advertisers use effective appeals to manipulate consumers' emotions: 1) creating positive feelings associated with the brand; 2) using emotions to increase communication impact; and 3) presenting emotions as a benefit of consumption. Background theory on consumer learning and decision-making is provided. 10 pages, 27 footnotes, 21 bibliographic sources. 		  $70
 

09693. Employee Motivation: Material Rewards Versus Employee Development.

An evaluation of the theoretical basis, advantages and disadvantages of two contrasting approaches to employee motivation: 1) Material rewards and the threat of their removal; and 2) opportunities to engage in activities promising self-development and growth. 10 pages, 14 footnotes, 12 bibliographic sources. 		  $70
 

09519. The Sociology of an Organization: Alcoholics Anonymous.

Traces the sociology of AA, according to Kanter's model of the six mechanisms of control over group commitment and cohesion (sacrifice, investment, renunciation, communion, mortification, and transcendence). Analyzes AA principles, norms, nomenclature, and ritual, assessing how these mechanisms maintain group unity. 12 pages, 18 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources. 		  $84
 

09515. Collective Behavior and Individual Aggression.

This term paper examines alternative psychological views on how group authority challenges or acquiesces to individual aggressive and anti-social behavior. 12 pages, 28 footnotes, 11 bibliographic sources. 2,873 words. 		  $84
 

09494. The Effect of Proximity on Communication in Small Groups: Insignificant Factor or Neglected Subject.

Noting an absence of literature on the effects of proximity on small group communication, the study investigates evidence of such effect as noted in literature on proxemics, social psychology, and intragroup behavior. 14 pages, 32 footnotes, 26 bibliographic sources. 		  $98
 

09466. Erving Goffmann's the Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.

A critical review of the 1973 study of self-presentation in social interaction. 6 pages, 11 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

09453. Electronic Wallpaper: Television's Effect on Children.

Investigation of TV's effect on children in terms of sex role stereotyping, socialization, aggressive behavior, and drug/alcohol abuse. Argues that TV often presents unfavorable role models for children, especially for females and minorities. 10 pages, 34 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 		  $70
 

09400. Social Facilitation as a Factor in a Small Coin Retrieval Task Experiment.

Presents the results of two social facilitation experiments involving super-gluing a quarter to the sidewalk in a high-traffic and a low-traffic area. Results are interpreted in light of current social facilitation theory, and the suggestion is made that social values and the social acceptability of the tasks may play a role in social facilitation. 9 pages, 15 footnotes, 12 bibliographic sources. 		  $63
 

09397. Television Violence and Viewer Aggression.

An objective look at the evidence suggesting causal links between television violence and aggressive behavior in viewers. Concludes that the evidence is at best equivocal, although concedes that a large body of research linking TV viewing with other adverse modeling behaviors merits greater attention to this issue. 13 pages, 46 footnotes, 32 bibliographic sources. 		  $91
 

09319. Multicultural Learning Activities for Early Childhood Education.

Presents purposes, rationale, and specific examples of multicultural learning activities for early childhood education. Based on a transitional-cultural differences model of multicultural education, suggests literature, language, team games, and ethnic food activities for children aged 3-5. 9 pages, 24 footnotes, 16 bibliographic sources. 		  $63
 

09281. Mood State Effects on Consumer Behavior.

10 pages, 19 footnotes, 15 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

09272. Cigarette Advertising and the Social Acceptability of Smoking: The Example of Philip Morris.

An analysis of 20 Philip Morris (Marlboro, Benson & Hedges, Merit, Cambridge, Parliament) cigarette ads in light of regulatory and social movements against smoking. 18 pages + Appendix, 41 footnotes, 23 bibliographic sources. 		  $126
 

09132A. Team Cohesion: Is It Necessary for Success.

An analysis and investigation of team cohesion in sports teams. Defines the concept and its components, suggests ways to maximize the cohesive factor, and delineates the ways in which the importance of cohesion differs in different types of sports. 11 pages, 17 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources. 		  $77
 

09088. Emotional Coercion in Advertising.

An analysis of two perfume advertisements which depict nearly nude women in sexually suggestive contexts. Argues that the ads use a strong emotional hook which appeals to male gift buyers, modern women who identify with the models, and even traditional women who are offended by the models. 6 pages, 4 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

08865. Five Views on Organizational Leadership.

Reviews and analyzes five expert studies of leadership, with the objective of ascertaining how these experts view the purpose and evaluation of leadership. 5 pages, 8 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

08657. Language and Cognition.

Reviews literature on the relationship between language and cognition, with particular attention devoted to the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis that language affects cognition. Explores Chomsky's views in detail. Concludes that current research cannot yet state with certainty the exact relationship between language and cognition. 12 pages, 16 footnotes in text, 14 bibliographic sources. 		  $84
 

08589. The Woman Leader.

Considers the issue of women and leadership and how women leaders compare to men leaders. Uses attribution theory, cognitive theory, and evaluation differences as the point of analysis. 11 pages, 14 footnotes in text, 12 bibliographic sources. 		  $77
 

08554. Informal Instructions and Miscommunications in Business.

Presents first-person feedback and rulebook procedures which should be used to back up informal telephone messages and memos. 4 pages, 3 footnotes, 3 bibliographic sources. 		  $28
 

08525. Flirtation.

Considers flirtation as a non-verbal means of communication. Analyzes cultural differences in the motivations behind (attention-getting, as a prelude to a sexual encounter, etc.), manifestations of, and reactions to flirtation. 10 pages, 12 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources. 		  $70
 

08008. Effective Group Work: An Introduction to Principle and Method.

A book review which describes the basic framework of group work as defined by Alan Klein. Discusses the group process and the role of the group worker in creating an effective group. 5 pages, 1 footnote, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $35
 

07744. "Children's Minds" by Margaret Donaldson.

A review of a 1978 critique of Piagetan and transformational grammar approaches to child development, suggesting that children's learning ability is keyed to a drive to mastery of the environment. 5 pages, 7 footnotes, 1 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

07705. Sex Differences in Reading by Mcneil (Article Critique).

Summary and critique of 1965 article on relative performance of boys and girls in programmed and classroom instruction in beginning reading. Author claims differences are due to differential treatment of boys and girls by female teachers. Critique says that this is not proven because McNeil failed to isolate other variables affecting reading performance, did not directly observe classroom treatment, and relied on highly suggestive interviews of children themselves to document different treatment of boys and girls by teachers. 4 pages, 18 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $28
 

07589. The Problem of Obedience to Authority.

Well-argued essay on the pros and cons of obeying authority in all circumstances, with examples from My Lai, the Milgram experiments, military codes, and fiction. It is easy for the well-meaning civilian to say disobey illegal orders, but very few of will have the conviction to disobey an order against our conscience when the alternative is immediate death at the hands of righteous authority. 5 pages, 7 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $35
 

07183. Profile of an Average Participant in a Human Growth Workshop: Research Study.

Original research study of demographic characteristics of those attending a human growth workshop in San Francisco, from organization records. Very good model of how to organize psychological research study; includes review of literature, methodology, and analysis of data including statistical tests of significance. Finds two major sub-populations among workshop participants: twentyish males beginning white collar careers, and 30-40 age males in the middle of management and professional careers. Men outnumber women two to one. Very good use of statistics from limited data. 29p. 8b. Notes in text. 2 tables. 5 graphs. Appendix lists raw data. 		  $133
 

06729. Group Odinion and Individualism in the Creation of Group Consensus.

A study of the mechanisms of group pressure, individual dissent, and self and other-oriented behavior in productivity, personal responsibility and the reaching of a common consensus. 7 pages, 9 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources. 		  $49
 

06693. Personal and Social Space.

The contemporary theories of personal and social space are analyzed in this study of perception, territoriality and social relations; the work of Sommers, Hall and others are discussed in detail in this comprehensive paper. 2Op. 13f. 7b. 		  $133
 

06584. The Holocaust.

A study of the crisis extremity behavior of the victims of the concetration camps in World War II. The strategy of survivalism is seen as the only possibility the inmates had. 5 pages, 7 footnotes, 3 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

05954. Organizational Analysis.

A diagnosis of the problems of a small political group in terms of Organization Development (OD) and boundary-maintenance. 5 pages, 3 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

05484. Litter: Attitudes and Behavior.

Report on a clever student experiment in which subjects on downtown street were given questionnaire on litter and observed to see if they disposed of it properly or improperly. 5 pages, 0 footnotes, 0 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

05478. Body Language: A Look at Glances.

A discussion of non-verbal communication with a transcript of a video-taped interview as an example. 10p. and transcript. 		  $70
 

05477. Test of Hypothesis: If the Frequency of Interactions Between Two or More Persons Increases, the Degree of Their Liking for One Another Will Increase.

A test of this hypothesis using sorority in a college. The methodology for the two approaches is demonstrated; the empirical and experimental. 10p. 1b tables and graphs. 		  $70
 

05116. Individual Motivation.

Traces early developments in motivational theory: Taylor, Hull Mcgregor and Atkinson. Discusses in depth Maslow's need hierarchy, herzberg's two-tier motivational theory, and Vroom's expectancy/ valence theory. Relates all three theories to how an individual motivates himself. 12 pages, 9 footnotes, 13 bibliographic sources. 		  $84
 
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