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18A. GREEK AND ROMAN PHILOSOPHY

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18013. Aristotle on Matter.

This term paper is concerned with the view of Aristotle (in his Physics) that things in nature consist of both unchanging matter and ever-changing form. In contrast to Plato's theory, Aristotle argues that matter and form are not separate from one another. The paper also describes Aristotle's view on "causes" (the factors involved in causing change). KEYWORDS: greek philosophy aristotle plato physics essay. MLA Style. 6 pages, 8 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 1,522 words. 		  $42
 

18012. Aristotle's Defense of Poetry.

This term paper discusses how Aristotle's Poetics includes a response to the claim of Socrates (in Plato's Republic) that poetry (including dramatic plays) should be banned from the ideal republic. First, the paper describes Socrates' argument against poetry. Then, it describes Aristotle's argument that poetry is beneficial to both states and individuals. It is concluded that Aristotle is successful in his defense of poetry. For example, it provides a way to purge negative emotions and it also provides lessons to help people improve their lives. KEYWORDS: greek philosophy aristotle plato socrates poetry drama tragedy essay. MLA Style. 9 pages, 15 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 2,141 words. 		  $63
 

17506. Leisure Theory.

This paper provides an overview and analysis of the philosophical, sociological, and psychological views of leisure, and considers how the three different areas of concern of the theorists affect their conceptions of leisure. Aristotle provides the philosophical perspective, Georg Simmel the sociological perspective, and John R. Kelly the psychological perspective. Argues that regardless of the conclusion that the theorists come to, all three threorists clearly view leisure as a significant aspect of the individual’s life. KEYWORDS: leisure theory leisure philosophy leisure sociology leisure psychology simmel Aristotle john r Kelly. MLA Style. 10 pages, 20 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources. 2,518 words.f 		  $70
 

17338. Philosophic Questions in Stanley Kubrick’S “2001: A Space Odyssey”.

This paper considers some of the philosophic themes and questions found in Kubrick’s science fiction masterpiece. Relates Kubrick’s viewpoint in the film in terms of his views on the existence of intelligent life beyond earth to Plato’s philosophy of Idealism. Argues that through his message that extraterrestrial intelligence is a key to the evolution of both humanity and technology, Kubrick brings to mind the philosophical views of such thinkers as Herbert Spencer and Friedrich Nietzsche. KEYWORDS: philosophy afterlife extra-terrestrial life Kubrick 2001. 9 pages, 18 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources. 2,125 words. 		  $63
 

17023. "The Origins of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind" by Julian Jaynes (Book Review).

This paper discusses Jaynes’s unique theory on the emergence of self-consciousness in humans, including the existence of hallucinatory voices in ancient man and the ‘vestiges’ of the bicameral mind in the contemporary world. Although the theory is both speculative and controversial, it is worthy of further study and debate. Keywords: human consciousness ancient. 5 pages; 9 footnotes; 1 bibliographic source. 		  $35
 

15884. Socrates and the Limits of Religious Knowledge.

This paper examines the views of Socrates and Plato and religion and the gods, as revealed through the dialogue Euthyphro. Basically, Socrates’ view is that there are inherent limits to what humans can know about such matters. 7 pages; 9 footnotes; 3 bibliographic sources. 		  $49
 

15862. The "Laws" of Plato.

This paper discusses how the major themes of the "Laws" are presented in its first book. These themes include the importance of moderation (control over passions), the importance of education, laws should promote virtue for the sake of peace and happiness, and laws need to be grounded in the divine. 11 pages; 26 footnotes; 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $77
 

15587. Alasdair Macintyre on Aristotelian Ethics.

In After Virtue, MacIntyre argues that today's ethical thinking is characterized by subjectivism, "emotivism," and a lack of universal principles. According to MacIntyre, a better approach is found in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. For example, people should seek rational virtues, avoid extreme moral views, and develop the ability to empathize with the feelings experienced by others. 10 pages, 10 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $70
 

15538. Comparison of the Socratic Method With Deductive Reasoning.

These two systems of logical argument arose in ancient Greece. The Socratic method seeks to "draw out" the truth through questions and answers; deductive reasoning is based on the use of premises and conclusions. Both methods are useful, and were designed to meet different needs. 7 pages, 16 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 		  $49
 

15524. Inaugural Address for a Fictitious Mayor of New York City.

Speech by a fictitious write-in candidate who has won the mayoral race because of his/her reputation as a philosopher, influenced by the ideas of Plato in the Republic. The speech includes suggestions (based on the views that education is important and that every citizen has a role to fulfill) regarding ways to deal with three major problems in the city: crime, homelessness and unemployment. 6 pages, 7 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

14103. Plato's Republic.

A comprehensive analysis of the ten books of Plato's major work. Examines Plato's model of the soul, theory of the ideal state, concepts of justice and fairness, and ideas on family and education. The metaphysical and mythical aspects of Plato's philosophy are also described in relation to the theory of the Good and Forms. 25 pages, 22 footnotes, 8 bibliographic references. 		  $133
 

14087. Plato's "Myth of the Cave."

A discussion of this analogy, which appears in The Republic, and how it applies to Plato's philosophy of Idealism and the view that "reality" exists beyond the world of the senses. 6 pages, 13 footnotes, 6 bibliographic references. 		  $42
 

14021. Ethical Relativism in the World Today.

The ancient Greek philosopher Protagoras believed that ethical views are relevant only to the specific cultures in which they are found. The validity of this view is shown by comparing the moral views of Westerners to those of other cultures on issues such as sexuality, polygamy, and female genital mutilation, among other things. 9 pages, 26 footnotes, 9 bibliographic references. 		  $63
 

13991. Socrates on Democracy.

In the Republic (Plato), Socrates used exaggerated examples to argue that democracy is inferior to his vision of an “ideal state.” Socrates defined democracy as the ability to do as one pleases; based on this definition, he claimed that it results in a lack of social unity and the destruction of natural hierarchies. 6 pages, 18 footnotes, 1 bibliography. 		  $42
 

13952. Hobbes and Aristotle on Security as a Political Goal.

Hobbes believed that conflict arises because people are naturally equal, and claimed that security requires a strong ruler who keeps citizens in fear of punishment if they disobey the law. Aristotle believed that conflict is caused by inequalities and claimed that security comes from wise, just and moderate rulers. The paper argues that Aristotle's position is in fact the stronger of the two. 7 pages, 12 footnotes, 2 bibliographic references. 		  $49
 

13907. Platonic and Christian Views on the Human Soul and Love.

Compares and contrasts the Platonic and Christian views of the human soul (considering views of reincarnation, mind/body dualism, etc.) and human love (looking at division of the sexes, spiritual versus moral forms, etc.). 6 pages, 13 footnotes, 3 bibliographic references. 		  $42
 

13905. Machiavelli and Aristotle on Politics.

Machiavelli was opposed to idealism and argued that a ruler should be ruthlessly practical and amoral. By contrast, Aristotle took an ethical stance on politics and felt that there is a “best type of government” that can meet the needs of all citizens. This paper concludes that Aristotle’s view is the more persuasive of the two. 7 pages, 16 footnotes, 4 bibliographic references. 		  $49
 

13882. The Principles Socrates Died For.

In an examination of Socrates' trial in Plato's apology, Socrates' expositions to the court reveal the principles behind his choice to accept death rather than follow his instinct for self-preservation. In the end, rather than a crackpot philosopher, Socrates shows himself to be a man that believes the freedom to question ideas and beliefs to be one of the highest truths. Included in the paper is a discussion of the Socratic method as central to Socrates' philosophy. 9 pages, 6 footnotes, 2 bibliographic references. 		  $63
 

13881. Depictions of Socrates in Ancient Greek Literature.

Discussion and analysis of three radically different portrayals of Socrates found in The Republic (the intellectual Socrates), The Apology (the mortal figure); and The Clouds (the comical, archetypal absent-minded professor). 5 pages, 5 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

13828. Aristotles' Three Types of Good Government.

Discusses the claims of each type (monarchy, aristocracy and polity) for being the best government according to Aristotle’s definition of the purpose of politics (to help citizens live a “good life”). Any of the three types can be suitable as long as it is moderate and is concerned with the needs of the collective. 6 pages, 23 footnotes, 5 bibliographic references. 		  $42
 

13827. Socrates on the Nature of the Soul.

A critical examination of Socrates' understanding of the soul, and how this concept relates to the platonic theories of the good, of knowledge as recollection of the good, and of immortality. Includes analysis from Socrates' Symposium, Gorgias, The Republic, and Phaedo. 6 pages, 5 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

13826. Platonic and Christian View of Human Nature.

Concise and understandable explication of the similarities and differences in the Platonic and Christian views of human nature. Discusses Christian spirituality versus Aristotle's naturalism and describes St. Thomas Aquinas' view of man. 5 pages, 9 footnotes, 3 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

13490. Theory of Number in Plato.

Examines the discussions of geometry, mathematics and class definitions in the dialogue of Plato; theory of number, irrational numbers, geometric solids as constituents of the world, and principles of unity, division and equality are analyzed, and Plato's work placed in the context of Greek mathematics from Pythagoras to Euclid. 15 pages, 23 footnotes, 9 bibliographic sources. 		  $105
 

13324. Aristotle's Ethics.

Argues against Terence Irwin's claim that the function argument (in Nicomachean Ethics) has an objective basis in Aristotle's metaphysics and theory of the soul. The flaws and weaknesses in Irwin's argument are discussed, and it is concluded that rationality does not compel one to accept Aristotle's ethical claims. 17 pages, 44 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources. 		  $119
 

13080. Relationship Abuse.

This paper considers how Plato, Aristotle, Augustine and Kant would respond to this ethical issue. Plato argued that people will do the right thing if they possess rational knowledge, and Aristotle urged people to avoid extremes in behavior. Augustine emphasized the role of God in overcoming sin, and Kant claimed that there is a universal moral law. 11 pages, 29 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources. 		  $77
 

12714. Plato and Aristotle on Politics, Government and Justice.

Compares and contrasts the two philosophers for their political theory, models of government, and concepts of justice and wisdom. Plato is seen as more intuitive and idealistic, Aristotle as more rational, scientific and logical. 12 pages, 13 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 		  $84
 

12691. A Defense of Metaphor.

Looks at the function and value of metaphor in poetry and prose, from a philosophical and linguistic standpoint. Aristotle, Aquinas, Boccaccio, Sydney, and Shelley are cited on the meaning of metaphor; modern English literature is seen as taking a self-conscious and ironic view of metaphor. 11 pages, 16 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources. 		  $77
 

12527. Aristotle in the History of Biology.

Examines the role of the Greek philosopher in the development of natural philosophy, scientific method, observation and collection of species. 5 pages, 7 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

12526. The Nature of Death According to Freud and Plato.

Freud claimed that there is no after-life, whereas Plato claimed that there is an immortal soul that survives death. Nevertheless, both men agreed that death must be accepted as something which is natural and inevitable. 6 pages, 15 footnotes, 3 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

12525. "What Is It to Be Human?" (Compares Plaoto, Sartre, Buber)

Examines the views of three philosophers on the purpose of human life: Plato (to increase wisdom), Sartre (to take responsibility for one's own choices), and Buber (to develop a sense of spirituality and universal love). The conclusion of the paper argues for a synthesis of these three views. 6 pages, 17 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

12524. Fate: Humankind's Destiny Seems Fixed, Yet We Are Free.

Argumentative essay maintaining that while humankind's destiny seems fixed and determined by forces beyond our control, we are nonetheless free through action and awareness. Compares ancient, medieval and modern concepts of fate and human freedom, in various poets, philosophers and theologians. 6 pages, 6 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

12523. Plato and Aristotle on the Theory of Forms.

This paper argues that Aristotle considered Plato's theory to be confusing and irrational. Because of this, Aristotle adapted the theory and thus developed a pluralistic rather than dualistic view of the world. 8 pages, 26 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $56
 

12522. Is Emotion Answerable to Reason? (Plato v. James).

Shows that both Plato and William James would answer "yes" to this question. Plato says that true reality can only be perceived rationally, and James says that philosophical questions are worthless unless they have pragmatic value. 8 pages, 25 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources. 		  $56
 

12521. Karl Jaspers on Plato.

A look at Plato's dialogues in response to Jaspers' claim that Plato was not seeking final definitions for universal concepts but was trying to develop a language with which one could speak about such concepts. 5 pages, 14 footnotes, 3 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

12245. Aristotle on Good and Bad Company.

Examines a discussion in Book Four, Chapter Eight of the Ethics, looking at the definition and meaning of ridicule in conversation. Ridicule is seen as excess of wit at the expense of others. 5 pages, 10 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $35
 

12081. "To Penetrate Philosophy Is to Get Lost" (Julian Marias).

Examines how Socrates, Descartes and William James would respond to this quote. Includes a personal reflection on the quote, and concludes that faith helps one to overcome the feeling of being "lost." 5p. 12p. 4b. 		  $35
 

12049. Thucydides' Account of the Melian Debate and the Lessons for International Order.

Considers the classic statement of the debate between power and morality as articulated by Thucydides in his History of the Peloponnesian War. Argues that while the Athenian/power-oriented position appears well-grounded in political reality, the Melian/morality-oriented position provides a better foundation for international peace and world order. 8 pages, 11 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $56
 

11934. The Phaedo by Plato.

Analyzes Plato's account of the last day of Socrates's life. Describes Socrates's theories about the forms, the immortality of the soul, and the Truth. 5 pages, 10 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

11900. Socrates and the Social Contract.

Closely examines Plato's dialogue Crito, explaining why Socrates denies Crito's offer to help him escape his death sentence. Finds contemporary relevance in Socrates' social contract. 9 pages, 12 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $63
 

11898. Aristotle and Machiavelli on How a Ruler Avoids Being Overthrown.

Presents Aristotle's Negative and Cooperative models of government. Examines Machiavelli's authoritarian interpretation of Aristotle's Cooperative model. Both philosophers believe a ruler must study warfare and not offer clemency. 5 pages, 11 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

11897. Can a Man Be Unjust to Himself? Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics.

Examines suicide, justice, and adultery in assessing this question. Argues that a person cannot be a voluntary victim of an unjust act. 10 pages, 16 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $70
 

11855. Plato and Aristotle as Economic Thinkers.

Assesses the social philosophies of Plato and Aristotle in terms of modern economic theory. Finds Plato's philosophy to be more theoretical while Aristotle's is more scientific. Considers the economic backdrop of their theories. 11 pages, 20 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $77
 

11617. Aristotle and Socrates on Happiness.

Summary of the views of these two philosophers on happiness: avoiding excess and incontinence for Aristotle, pursuing reason for Socrates, attempting to serve the greater good of the state for both. 7 pages, 13 footnotes in text, 5 bibliographic sources. 		  $49
 

11565. The Views of Aristotle and a.j. Ayer.

Basic comparison of two very different philosophers, contrasting the moral certainty of Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics with the moral relativity of Ayer's Language, Truth & Logic. No conclusions are reached. 6 pages, 11 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

11248. Attitudes Toward Sexuality, Love, and Transcendence in Classical Literature (Pindar, Plato, Propertius) and Christian Mystics (Julian of Norwich, Margery Kempe, Teresa of Avila).

Discusses similarities between ancient ideas of sex as a step on the way to transcendence and access to the divine, and sexual nature in the raptures of the medieval mystics. 15 pages, 20 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources. 		  $105
 

11205. Four Philosophers on Nuclear Deterrence.

Considers the morality of the threat to use, or actual use of, nuclear weapons for defense of a country. Plato, Aristotle, Locke and Mill are compared for their views on the ultimate standards of political and personal morality. 7 pages, 4 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources. 		  $49
 

11204. Aristotle on Virtuous Character.

Looks at the Stagyrite's definition of virtue as the product of rational action, self-control, and exercise of the will over the passions. 5 pages, 2 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $35
 

11048. Aristotle and Aquinas on Usury (Loan Sharks).

Discusses nature of usury in the agricultural age of Aristotle and Aquinas as contrasted to present concepts of investment and opportunity cost. Analyzes similarities and roots of Aristotle's and Aquinas' arguments against usury. 11 pages, 11 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources. 		  $77
 

10623. The Depiction of Women in the Divine Comedy.

Dante's depiction of women in the three books of his epic poem is described and analyzed. The combination of rheumatic and spiritualization inspiration in the person of Beatrice is noted. 11 pages, 13 footnotes in text, 5 bibliographic sources. 		  $77
 

10563. Byzantine Political and Religious Philosophy.

The first nation to accept and incorporate Christian teachings in its government, the Byzantine or East Roman Empire exerted a lasting influence on European culture during its 1000 year reign. The report examines their influence and contrasts their views with the classic Greeks. The Justinian Code, Platonism and the universities, and the unity of Church and State are emphasized. 15 pages, 38 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 		  $105
 

10535. Plato on Learning and the Soul

Looks at Plato's theory of learning and knowledge from the Meno and the concept of soul from Phaedo; Plato's unified worldview of the soul and its reincarnation is noted. 5 pages, 6 footnotes in text, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $35
 

10530. Mill and Aristotle: A Comparison.

Focuses on these philosophers' views of the relationship between man and the state. A central theme is noted- both philosophers believe happiness is the goal of man -and discussed in terms of virtue, freedom and choice, and the ideal role of the state. 5p., 14f, 4b. 		  $35
 

10360. Aristotle's Statesman.

Aristotle's suggestions for the statesman in a world that is less than good are considered; the basic forms and purposes of good government are detailed, and the statesman's main task of preserving the good constituion is noted. 8 pages, 10 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $56
 

10279. Socrates as Seen by Plato and Aristophanes.

The contrast between Plato's idealized view and Aristophanes' satirical treatment of the Athenian philosopher is detailed. 9 pages, 10 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $63
 

10154. Homer, Aeschylus and Plato on Social Organization.

The depiction of Greek society in the three authors is compared and contrasted. Greek society is seen developing from tribal kingships to regional kingship and dynasties, to the democratic city-state of 5th Century Athens. 6 pages, 12 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

10089. Plato and Plotinus on Beauty.

A comparison of the differing treatments of ideal beauty in Plato's Hippias Major and Plotinus' Enneads. 12 pages, 23 footnotes, 3 bibliographic sources. 		  $84
 

10000. The Sumposium and the Nichomachean Ethics.

A look at the differences between the Platonic conception of the good found in the Sumposium and Aristotle's rationalist interpretation of the pursuit of the good in the Nicomachean Ethics. 4 pages, 7 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $28
 

09815. Justice and Self-Interest in Plato's "The Republic".

Analyzes the concept of justice in Book One of the first part of The Republic. Explores the idea that Thrasymuchus' definition of justice is the only one appropriate to those citizens of a democracy who are unwilling to give over the government of the just society to a philosophical aristocracy such as those proposed by Socrates. 6 pages, 8 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $42
 

09812. Cicero's "On Old Age."

Examines Cicero's essay on the virtues of old age in light of his stoic philosophy, political and personal troubles, and belief in immortality. 5 pages, 8 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $35
 

09810. Lucretius and Galen on Atomic Theory.

A comparison of the Roman poet Lucretius "On the Nature of Things" with the early physician Galen's "On the Natural Faculties" with regard to the atomic theory of the natural world. 5 pages, 6 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

09799. Body and Soul in Plato, Aristotle and Aquinas.

A comparative analysis of the treatment of the body-soul relation in the philosophy of Plato, Aristotle and Aquinas; elements of Plato's idealism and Aristotle's natural science are found in St. Thomas' hierarchy of created corporeal forms. 10 pages, 18 footnotes in text, 5 bibliographic sources. 		  $70
 

09602. Socrates and Euthyphro on Piety.

Compares and contrasts Socrates' analytical arguments on piety in the Euthyphro and in the Apology. 10 pages, 15 footnotes, 3 bibliographic sources. 		  $70
 

09402. Antigone and Socrates on Virtue and the State's Law.

A comparison of the views of citizen's duty to the state in Sophocles' play and Socrates' philosophy. 5 pages, 7 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

09366. A Park Bench Chat With Socrates on Piety, Justice and Virtue.

In this hypothetical discussion, Socrates imparts his views on piety, justice and virtue and speculates on Euthypro's views on the same. 5 pages, 0 footnotes, 0 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

09196. Socrates and Injustice in Plato's "Gorgias."

An analysis of Socrates' position that "it is better to suffer injustice than to do it" as exemplified in Plato's dialogue, Gorgias. 5 pages, 6 footnotes, l bibliographic source. 		  $35
 

09173. Antigone and Socrates on Democracy in Classical Greece.

Using Sophocles' Antigone and Plato's Republic, the analysis examines the values of Antigone and Socrates in an effort to trace the development of democracy in Classical Greece. 5 pages, 4 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

09172. The Republic, Antigone, the City in History and the Concept of Harmony.

Analyzes the concept of harmony through the use of two classical and one modern work. 5 pages, 13 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

08960. Kinds of Love in Plato's "Symposium".

Looks at physical, romantic and ideal love in Pausanias' speech when Socrates and his friends debate the nature and kinds of love, and compares this concept with modern views of romance. SEE ALSO: Sexual Psychology and Aristphanes' Speech in Plato's "The Symposium." 5 pages, 2 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $35
 

08959. Sexual Psychology and Aristophanes' Speech in Plato's "The Symposium".

The argument that both men and women are capable of fulfilling dual roles is considered in light of Plato's dialogue. SEE ALSO: Kinds of Love in Plato's "Symposium." 5 pages, 3 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $35
 

08958. Desire, Reason and Spirit in Plato's Republic.

An analysis of Chapter XVIII of The Republic, "The Three Parts of the Soul." Concludes that desire, reason and spirit comprise the three different elements or passions in the human soul. 5 pages, 2 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

08940. Gods/Goddesses and Heroes/Heroines: Shadows or Lights?

Considers whether myths are really nothing more than entertaining stories or whether in fact they contain deep meaning. Concludes that modern cynicism has changed man's view of myths. 5 pages, 6 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $35
 

08602. Lucretius.

This essay presents a review of the treatment of human freedom in the nature poem, "On the Nature of Things." 5 pages, 8 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $35
 

08454. Similarities and Differences in the Theory of Love in the Philosophies of Plato and Aristotle.

Discusses the similarities in the two philosophers' view of love and concludes that of the two, Plato seems to have the deepest personal and emotional interest in the phenomenon of love. 6 pages, 4 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

08294. Cicero's "De Officiis" (On Duties).

Essay examining the way in which Cicero makes a fundamental distinction between the ideal, or supreme good, and the practical rules which govern daily life. 4 pages, 3 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $28
 

08293. Greek Rationalism.

Following an examination of Ionian thought and the science and philosophy that emerged from it, this essay argues that there were actually two fundamentally opposed strains of Greek rationalism. 4 pages, 6 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $28
 

08292. Plato and the United States Constitution.

Examines Plato's insights into the strengths and weaknesses of constitutional governments, and considers the criticisms of key aspects of the U.S. Constitution that Plato made in his general discussion of the ideal form of government. Investigates whether Plato's views on government are supported by the same principles of natural law and civil rights often cited as the underlying principles of the U.S. Constitution. 18 pages 30 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources. 		  $126
 

08159. Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics.

A study of the fifth book of the Nichomachean Ethics and its analysis of justice and injustice. Aristotle's method of reasoning by categories and examples looked at, and his emphasis on logic and balance are noted in the study. 12 pages, 20 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $84
 

08113. Lucretius De Rerum Natura.

The Epicurean philosophy at the heart of the 1st century B.C. Roman poet's work on nature and science is examined. 8 pages, 6 footnotes, 3 bibliographic sources. 		  $56
 

07888. The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius.

A critical examination of the Meditations and its adherence to the tenets of Stoicism. 6 pages, 5 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $42
 

07736. The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius: A Critical Reaction.

A critical examination of the overall value of Aurelius's work. Style and content are reviewed. 5p. 		  $35
 

07700. The Role of Market in the Soviet Economy.

Good brief overview of four topics: why the Soviet Union is not a market economy, the legal role of market in Soviet agriculture, the illegal black market and underground capitalists, and the prospects for reform (very remote) focusing on Andropov and Chernenko regimes. 6 pages, 18 footnotes, 9 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

07699. The European Economic Community: Gradual Integration in the Case of Foreign Policy.

Scholarly examination of the hypothesis that EEC is gradually becoming more integrated in the case of foreign policy. Includes the institutional arrangements for EEC foreign policy coordination; role of the EEC Commission in foreign ec.onomic and trade negotiations; political cooperation with the U.S. in the oil crisis era; EEC-Arab relations since 1974; the EEC in East-West relations; EEC collective action at the U.N. and other areas. Concludes that while national governments will continue to pursue individual interests, common foreign policymaking efforts have brought about new attitudes and represent significantly greater cooperation if not formal integration. 21p. 50f 13b. 		  $133
 

07587. Plato's Republic and the Socratic Method.

Original study of the Socratic method of dialogue and teaching as illustrated in Plato's Republic. Combines analysis of Socrates' views on the ideal state with analysis of how Socrates actually reasons: avoiding dogmatic statements, using others as foils for arguments, leading others to reverse their original arguments, making distinctions between the ideal and the real. 8 pages, 1 footnote, 1 bibliographic source. Notes in text. 		  $56
 

07360. Religion and Civilization in Early Greece.

Good overview of the practice of religion in classical Greece. Origins of Greek religion; how festivals brought city-states together; relations of religion and state; evolution of philosophical schools from religion; impact on future civilizations of Rome and Europe. 7 pages, 10 footnotes, 3 bibliographic sources. 		  $49
 

07240. St. Augustine's Confessions.

Detailed, sympathetic summary of this deeply personal account of one man's faith. Covers both his early wanderings and his philosophy of religion and metaphysics, and finds that Augustine's religious faith is the answer to the questions that have been troubling him all his life. 10 pages, 1 footnote, 1 bibliographic source. Notes in text. 		  $70
 

07233. Plato's Doctrines of the Forms and Reminiscence.

A discussion of Plato's theories of cognitive processes, with a look at their strengths and weaknesses. 7 pages, 6 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $49
 

07227. Socrates and Sir Thomas More.

A comparison of the two martyrs to truth, in terms of their characters, ideas, aims and use of language. 6 pages, 6 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

07226. Aristotle.

Brief overview of the life, teachings, and importance of this crucial scientist-philosopher. 3 pages, 3 footnotes, 3 bibliographic sources. 		  $21
 

07200. The Odyssey, the Oresteia, and the Republic.

A comparison of the three major works of classical Greek literature, viewing them as treatments of the problem of justice. Justice is seen as honor and vengeance in Homer, as vengeance tempered with mercy in Aeschylus, and as an abstract ideal in Plato. 20 pages, 3 footnotes, 3 bibliographic sources. Notes in text. 		  $133
 

07059. Plato and Socrates on the Individual and the Community.

Examines Socrates' trial and The Republic to argue convincingly that Plato did hold the individual conscience above the state. 5 pages, 3 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $35
 

07058. "The Meditations" of Marcus Aurelius.

Well-written personal review and full summary of this classic work of Stoic philosophy; including personal reactions, some negative but mostly very positive. 7 pages, 1 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. Notes in text. 		  $49
 

07038. Aristotle.

Good brief description of the life and work of the first scientist, focusing on his method of breaking a subject into parts, and analyzing how they come together to form a pattern. 3 pages, 3 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $21
 

07035. Plato's Philosophy.

Brief description of the life and thought of Plato, focusing on his concept of an abstract perfect soul behind all material objects. Also includes his influence on Western thought. 3 pages, 3 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $21
 

06728. Aristotle and Machiavelli.

A comparison of the political theories of the two thinkers, focusing on their views of human nature and the evolution of various forms of government. 15 pages, 18 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $105
 

06681. The Task of Political Science.

An interesting study of the legitimate task of political science, comnaring the theories of Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hume, Hobbes and other major thinkers. 8 pages, 7 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 		  $56
 

06680. Soul and Body.

The views of Plato, Aristotle, Descartes, and Berkeley on the unity or Duality of the soul and body are examined here; arguments for the immortality of the soul are considered. 10 pages, 11 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $70
 

06679. Freedom and Determinism.

The problem of free will is considered in all of the aspects of the Western tradition of philosophy; the responses of the Greeks and their successors to causality and necessity are remarked upon. 7 pages, 0 footnotes, 3 bibliographic sources. 		  $49
 

06673. Free Will and Determinism.

This term paper provides a discussion of the various arguments on mind and body, cause and effect and freedom of choice; the philosophical viewpoint is contrasted with the ideas of behaviorists. 6 pages, 5 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources. 		  $42
 

06213. The Trial of Socrates.

Good basic description of Socrates' life, based on his own words in the Apology; his role in society, as philosopher and gadfly, and his thoughts on the after-life. 4 pages, 5 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 		  $28
 

05896. Plato's "Republic".

A detailed discussion of the concept of the soul in Plato's study of the ideal state. Problems of abstract ideas, mortality, sense perception and reincarnation are examined in detail. 11 pages, 10 footnotes in text, 1 bibliographic source. 		  $77
 
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