"EUROPEAN HISTORY TO 1500" Term Paper Section

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10D. EUROPEAN HISTORY TO 1500

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18748. Cleon of Athens: A Leader in Ancient Greece.

This paper is concerned with Cleon, a leader of Athens during the time of the Peloponnesian War. Writers of the time (such as the historian Thucydides and the comic playwright Aristophanes) depicted Cleon in a negative light. The paper examines the historical evidence and finds that although Cleon was not perfect, he was not as bad as the depictions of Thucydides and Aristophanes would lead one to believe. TAGS: history military ancient Greece Thucydides Aristophanes Cleon leadership. MLA Style. 10 pages, 30 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources. 2,402 words.

$70

18517. Henry Ii and the Murder of Thomas Becket.

This paper argues that King Henry II was ultimately responsible for the murder of Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1170. Although there is no evidence that Henry actually intended for Becket to be murdered, he made public displays of hostility toward the Archbishop, and the King’s knights who committed the murder believed that they were carrying out the King’s wishes. KEYWORDS: history England politics religion Henry II Becket. Turabian Style with Endnotes. 11 pages, 25 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources. 2,699 words.

$77

18516. The Role of Religion in Ancient Rome.

In the early period, Roman religion was concerned with protecting homes and fields from spirits. During the Roman Republic, a state religion evolved for the purpose of maintaining social unity. In the time of the Roman Empire, emperors were regarded as divine beings. During the decline of the Empire, people began turning to religion as a guide to moral behavior and a means to attain spiritual growth, similar to the purposes served by religion in the present day. KEYWORDS: religion ancient Rome. APA Style. 5 pages, 20 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources. 1,312 words.

$35

18229. The Feudal System in Medieval Europe.

This paper discusses the factors giving rise to feudalism in the eighth century, the social and economic structure of the system, how it differed from present-day capitalism, and the causes of its decline in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. KEYWORDS: history Europe medieval feudalism. MLA Style. 7 pages, 24 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources.

$49

17635. Were the Ancient Macedonians Greek?

This paper considers the long-running debate concerning the question of whether or not the ancient Macedons (Macedonians) were ethnically Greek, an issue which has acquired increasing importance in recent years as a result of the breakup of Yugoslavia and the 1991 formation of the Republic of Macedonia. After examining the evidence from both ancient and modern sources, concludes that the ancient Macedons were indeed Greek. KEYWORDS: macedons Macedonians Greek Greece ethnicity. Turabian/Chicago with Bottom-of-Page Footnotes and separate bibliography. 12 pages, 29 footnotes, 11 bibliographic sources. 2,708 words.

$84

17606. The Peloponnesian War.

Drawing on modern historical sources (versus the classic account by Thucydides), this paper describes the causes of the Peloponnesian War, outlines its major battles and its leaders, and analyzes the impact of the war on Athens, Sparta, and the Greek city states as a whole. Concludes that modern-day scholars are in agreement that the twenty-seven years of the Peloponnesian War marked an important turning point in ancient Greek history. KEYWORDS: ancient greek history Peloponnesian war. Turabian/Chicago Style with bottom-of-page footnotes and separate bibliography. 7 pages, 16 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 1,821 words.

$49

17604. The Battle That Stopped Rome by Peter S. Wells.

This paper reviews Wells’ book about the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. In that battle, which occurred in 9 AD, three Roman legions under the command of Varus were destroyed (about 20,000 Roman soldiers died) by a force of German warriors. Concludes that Wells is not entirely successful in his effort to convince the reader that he Germans were much greater warriors than the Romans believed. Wells fails to support his thesis because of his reliance on speculation. KEYWORDS: fall of roman empire battle teutoburg forest. MLA Style. 6 pages, 13 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 1,411 words.

$42

17600. The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization by Bryan Ward-Perkins.

This paper provides a critical review and analysis of Ward-Perkins’s history on the fall of the Roman Empire. Summarizes the central thesis and main arguments of this book which rejects revisionist claims and defends the traditional view (established since Gibbons) that Rome definitively fell to Germanic invaders. Finds Ward-Perkins’s book notable for its emphasis on the use of archaeological evidence and the use of a “material” (or economic) method versus examining the influence of religion, ideology, social class, etc. Concludes that the most important value of the book is found in how it presents a cohesive argument against the revisionist point of view. KEYWORDS: roman empire fall reasons revisionist history material evidence. MLA Style. 12 pages, 23 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source. 2,693 words.

$84

17596. Post-Gibbon Theories on the Fall of the Roman Empire.

This paper considers how historians’ approaches and theses on the fall of the Western Roman Empire since the time of Edward Gibbon (1727-1794) and his seminal book, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. First describes Gibbon’s thesis and then looks at similarities and differences in historians’ approaches in subsequent years. KEYWORDS: roman empire reasons decline fall historiography gibbons revisionist history. Turabian/Chicago with bottom-of-the-page footnotes and separate bibliography. 12 pages, 15 footnotes, 13 bibliographic sources. 3,223 words.

$84

17582. Plutarch’S Life of Alexander the Great.

This paper provides a review and analysis of Plutarch of Chaeronea’s account of the life of Alexander the Great, which, in addition to providing a biography of Alexander, provides lessons on the moral qualities found in a great leader. Argues that the main moral lesson of Plutarch’s account is that a great leader is able to make use of his virtues while controlling his vices. KEYWORDS: Plutarch Alexander the great qualities leader. MLA Style. 5 pages, 13 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source.

$35

17571. The Letter of Aristeas.

This paper provides an overview and analysis of “The Letter of Aristeas”, a document from Hellenistic times in which the author supposedly tells the story of the translation of Jewish scripture (the Torah) from Hebrew into Greek. Argues that although the Letter is unreliable as factual history, it nonetheless has importance for modern historians and other scholars, especially in that it provides information and insights into the views of the Alexandrian Jews as well as into their relationships with other groups of that era. Includes FREE fully annotated 15-item bibliography. KEYWORDS: letter aristeas torah scripture jews Christians ancient Greeks. Turabian/Chicago Style with bottom-of-page footnotes and separate annotated bibliography. 13 pages, 23 footnotes, 15 annotated bibliographic sources. 4,899 words.

$91

17347. Swords of the Middle Ages.

This paper provides an overview and analysis of swords of the European Middle Ages. The developments in sword-making technology at the time is discussed, as well as the basic types of swords that were used during the course of the period (from approximately 500 AD to 1500). Finds that a major factor contributing to changes in sword styles during the period (aside from technological improvements in the sword-making process) was the use of armor and chain mail by knights which increased the importance of “thrusting” as opposed to “cutting” as a fighting technique and led to the creation of longer, thicker, and more pointed swords. At the conclusion of the Middle Ages, firearms became increasingly important in warfare and the use of armor underwent a decline, resulting in the development of thinner, lighter sword blades. Includes an illustration of swords discussed in this paper. KEYWORDS: Medieval weaponry swords Middle Ages. 11 pages, 43 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources.

$77

17346. Swords of the Middle Ages - Illustrations.

Illustrations of swords of the European Middle Ages. Designed to accompany Paper #17347, “Swords of the Middle Ages.” KEYWORDS: Medieval weaponry swords Middle Ages. 1 page, 1 footnote, 1 bibliographic reference.

17342. The Roman Invasion of Britain.

Using primary as well as contemporary sources, this paper examines the desires and objectives of the Roman leaders in their decisions regarding the invasion of Britain, focusing on Julius Caesar’s invasion of 55 BC, Emperor Claudius’ conquest of Southern Britain in 43 AD, and Agricola’s governorship of 77-84 AD. Concludes that the Romans engaged in imperialistic expansion because they wanted to set up colonies and thereby open up new opportunities for economic profit. In addition, for the sake of prestige and glory, they wanted to establish Rome as the dominant force throughout the known world. KEYWORDS: ancient Rome conquest Britain Caesar Claudius Agricola. 16 pages, 42 footnotes, 12 bibliographic sources. 4,072 words.

$112

17336. Otto of Freisling.

This paper will discusses the views of the German historian Otto of Freising (c. 1111-1158), as contained in his “Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa.” Shows that Otto’s work helps us to understand the importance of Christianity in the politics of the time and argues that Otto can be seen as a forerunner of Renaissance thought in his claims regarding the positive influence of classical Rome on the Lombard political system. KEYWORDS: German history Lombard politics. 5 pages, 13 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources. 1,521 words.

$35

17314. Loyalty in “the Odyssey” and “Beowulf”.

This paper compares the treatment of the theme of loyalty in Homer’s “The Odyssey” and the 8th century Anglo-Saxon work, “Beowulf”. The paper discusses how the loyalty theme is related to domestic issues in The Odyssey and to warfare and tribal issues in Beowulf. Argues that The Odyssey and Beowulf, demonstrate that matters of loyalty and disloyalty were taken very seriously in both the Greek and the Anglo-Saxon societies. In The Odyssey, the disloyal servants are tortured and killed; in Beowulf, disloyal lord and thanes alike are subjected to extreme disgrace and loss of status. Despite the differential treatment of the theme of loyalty in the two texts, it is clear that loyalty was a subject of great concern in both of the societies that the texts depict. KEYWORDS: tribal warfare honor loyalty ancient literature. 13 pages, 40 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources. 3,202 words.

$91

17268. Two Texts on Medieval Monasticism.

This paper compares and contrasts two primary sources pertaining to medieval monasticism. One of the sources, from August 1233, contains various testimonies to support the canonization of Saint Dominic. The other source, from approximately 1120, is the memoirs of a Benedictine abbot, Guibert of Nogent. The two texts are compared in terms of literary style, author’s point of view, historical value, and perspective on religion. KEYWORDS: medieval Christianity monasticism. 6 pages, 15 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 1,470 words.

$42

17267. Two Early Medieval Maps of the World.

This paper compares two early medieval maps of the world. The first map considered was created by St. Isidore of Seville (Spain) in the seventh century AD. The second map examined for this paper is known as the Albi, or Merovingian, world map. The name of this map’s creator is unknown, and it was found in an eighth century manuscript which is currently housed at the Library of Albi in Langedoc, in Southern France. The major geographical features, level of detail, source, and world view of each map is compared and contrasted. KEYWORDS: cartography medieval maps. 6 pages, 8 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 1,368 words.

$42

17187. Middle English and the Norman Conquest.

Focusing on the Norman Conquest and the two centuries of Norman rule which followed, this paper investigates how English was historically influenced by French. Following a background overview of the Norman Conquest and the general scope of associated linguistic influence, the literature on French influences in English is reviewed and analyzed, focusing on the lexical, phonological, morphological and syntactic changes that ensued as a cause of or in association with two hundred years of Norman domination. The essay considers not only the evidence of the existence of French influences on English but also the process by which that influence took place. Major controversies in the literature regarding the scope of the influence and the most important source of influence are examined. It is concluded that the balance of evidence points to Anglo-Norman versus Continental French as the primary source of language influence. Moreover, it is argued that the evidence demonstrates that the scope of French influences extends well beyond ‘loan words’ or ‘borrowing’. The Norman Conquest of England ultimately led to a merging of languages which transformed English language. KEYWORDS: linguistics middle english anglo-french anglo-norman french language influence normal conquest. LSA Style. 23 pages, 110 footnotes, 21 bibliographic sources. 6,326 words.

$133

17126. Peacekeeping, 1648-1989.

This paper provides an overview and analysis of peacekeeping from 1648 to 1989. Drawing on specific examples, the analysis considers peacekeeping within its historical, social, political, and economic contexts, with particular attention to nation-state, sovereignty, nation, colony, church-state relations, civil-military relations, alliances and trade conflict. Following an overview of the political context of war, peace and peacekeeping during the period (1648-1989) under consideration, the analysis considers peacekeeping efforts within the circumstances of specific conflicts. KEYWORDS: war armed conflict resolution peacekeeping historical sovereignty nation states. APA Style. 20 pages; 47 footnotes; 19 bibliographic sources. 4,776 words.

$133

17125. Peacekeeping in the Ancient, Medieval, and Early Modern Eras.

This paper examines the forms, application, and contingencies of peacekeeping in the ancient, medieval, and early modern worlds. The analysis considers the nature of war and peace in the ancient and medieval/early modern eras and identifies the major actors involved in peacekeeping. Drawing on specific examples, the investigation considers peacekeeping in these historical contexts, with specific attention to the influence of empire, city-state structure, church-state relations, political factionalism and trade conflict. 15 pages; 41 footnotes; 19 bibliographic sources. 4,555 words.

$105

17023. "The Origins of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind" by Julian Jaynes (Book Review).

This paper discusses Jaynes’s unique theory on the emergence of self-consciousness in humans, including the existence of hallucinatory voices in ancient man and the ‘vestiges’ of the bicameral mind in the contemporary world. Although the theory is both speculative and controversial, it is worthy of further study and debate. Keywords: human consciousness ancient. 5 pages; 9 footnotes; 1 bibliographic source.

$35

15999. Alexander the Great of Russia.

This paper addresses the debate over whether or not Alexander the Great merits his exalted historical reputation, and argues that he does not despite the legends surrounding him and his obvious greatness as a military leader. Argues that Alexander’s methods of conquest were brutal, the gains of his conquests fell apart after his death, and that he was more concerned with his personal ambitions and glory than with trying to unite the world for the benefit of humanity. Keywords: Russia Alexander military political leaders. 6 pages; 17 footnotes; 5 bibliographic sources.

$42

15984. The Notion of God's Covenant With a Chosen People.

This paper discusses the two kinds of covenant described in the Bible, and the views of scholars on their historical origins. Although the concept of God’s covenant grew out of ancient Near East culture, there are also unique elements to be found in the Jewish version. 5 pages; 16 footnotes; 6 bibliographic sources. 1,246 words.

$35

15983. The Rise of Rabbinic Judaism.

Discusses the historical and social context in which Rabbinic Judaism arose. Topics include Jewish cultural identity, the Roman occupation of Palestine, the failed Jewish revolt, and competition between the Pharisees, Sadducees and other groups. 5 pages; 22 footnotes; 5 bibliographic sources.

$35

15568. Homosexuality and Lesbianism in Pre-Modern European History.

There is a debate among scholars over why homosexual behaviors were condemned by both Church and society after the 14th Century. Male homosexual behavior in particular, was severely prosecuted from the 14th Century through the 19th Century. Lesbians were generally more tolerated during that time; however, it is argued that this was due mainly to women's lives in general being ignored in the male dominated European society. 12 pages, 35 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources.

$84

15534. Impact of Classical Culture on Today's Society.

How ancient culture (especially Greek) has influenced Western society in such areas as science, language, philosophy, government, drama and psychology. Also includes information on the role played by the Renaissance in causing these influences. 5 pages, 21 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources.

$35

15529. Women in Ancient Greece (Sue Blundell).

Review of book, whose purpose is to provide information on a topic neglected in traditional historical studies (special emphasis is given to Blundell's views on women in Sparta and Gortyn). It is argued that the author creates an informative overview by drawing from a wide range of sources, although since the evidence is fragmentary, she must sometimes reach speculative conclusions. 6 pages, 17 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source.

$42

15525. Decline of the Roman Republic.

Argues that the root cause of the decline was the fact that the leaders were not adequately prepared for the territorial expansion that occurred between the 4th and 2nd Centuries B.C. This lack of preparation resulted in various political, social and economic problems, and contributed to the instability that enabled various military commanders to exploit the situation in order to fulfill their personal ambitions. 10 pages, 22 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources.

$70

15510. An "Autobiography" of Joan of Arc.

The life of the peasant girl who became a military leader in the war of the French against the English, as it would have been told from her own perspective while awaiting her execution on heresy and witchcraft charges. 7 pages, 16 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources.

$49

15508. The Success of the Roman Republic.

Discusses the significance of the motto "the Senate and the People," and how the inclusion of the "people" in political matters helped prevent rebellions and thus strengthened and unified the Republic. Also discusses the role of the view of Romans as a "composite entity" in keeping the Republic strong when it expanded and conquered other states. 10 pages, 23 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources.

$70

15487. Ancient Egyptian Civilization.

An overview of the civilization, including a discussion of the role of the Nile River and other natural resources. Also discusses the art and religious beliefs of the Egyptians, and notes that although a similar culture persisted throughout the civilization's 3000-year history, changes and variations can be seen as well. 7 pages, 25 footnotes, 6 bibliographic references.

$49

15169. The Influence of Islamic Culture on the West.

Argues that Western culture has borrowed more from Islamic culture over the centuries than the other way around. The West has borrowed medical, scientific, mathematical and philosophical ideas; by contrast, Islamic culture has mostly rejected Western ideas, with the exception of those relating to technological developments. 7 pages, 19 footnotes, 5 bibliographic references.

$49

15157. Ancient Egyptian Civilization.

$49

15050. Pope Urban Ii and the First Crusade (1095 Ce).

Discusses the role of the pope in starting the crusade to help protect the Byzantine Church from Muslim invaders. Also looks at the arguments regarding the extent to which the pope's actions were meant to increase the power and status of the Church of Rome in relation to the Byzantine Church and the Holy Roman Empire. 10 pages, 31 footnotes, 9 bibliographic references.

$70

15026. The Impact of Ancient Greek Ideals on American Physical Education.

Argues that the Greeks had a stronger influence than any other ancient culture, especially with their humanistic ideal of including P.E. as part of a well-rounded education. Also refers to the gymnastics movement of the 19th century, and the fact that American P.E. provides training for girls as well as boys. 10 pages, 29 footnotes, 8 bibliographic references.

$70

15013. Witchcraft in Europe.

This term paper provides an overview and analysis of the development and practice of witchcraft in Europe. Following a definition of witchcraft and witches, the paper discusses the development of witchcraft and the links between healers, traditional religions, and witchcraft. Focusing on Europe, the paper then discusses witchcraft from Classical to modern times. KEYWORDS: wicca witches witchcraft europe. Scientific Notation Style. 9 pages, 16 footnotes, 13 bibliographic sources.

$63

14810. Moral Judgment in the History of Polybius.

This paper examines Polybius’ (2nd century BC Greek historian) history of the rise of the Roman Empire, considering the question of Polybius’ moral judgment, to see if he is in fact “pro-Roman” or simply showing an intellectual curiosity and scholarly discipline in compiling a 1,000 page history of the Romans. Concludes that Polybius’ moral opinions are less judgments and more like sensible observations on the self-evident facts of human nature and political culture. KEYWORDS: roman history polybius. 6 pages, 5 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source.

$42

14101. Ancient Medicine: Medicine in Ancient Egypt, Greece & Rome.

This paper provides a survey overview and analysis of medicine in three ancient civilizations: Egyptian, Greek, and Roman, with a primary focus on Egyptian medicine and a brief treatment of Greco-Roman medicine. The investigation begins with an overview of ancient Egyptian medicine, which arguably represented the earliest evidence of the development of a naturalistic-based (versus supernatural and/or magical) medicine. The overview of medicine in ancient Greece focuses on the Hippocratic tradition. Finally, the analysis considers the continued evolution of Greek medicine in the Roman Empire, with a special focus on the work of Galen, another "father of medicine" who is generally regarded as the second-greatest (after Hippocrates) physician of antiquity. KEYWORDS: medicine history term paper galen hippocrates. APA Style. 28 pages, 68 footnotes, 21 bibliographic reference. 7,133 words.

$133

14065. Comparison of Two Monuments in Rome.

The Ara Pacis Augustae (a classical monument) is compared to the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus (a post-classical monument). Both works show the influence of the Attic (classical Greek) style, but differences can also be found in how the relief figures are carved and in their themes. 12 pages, 37 footnotes, 10 bibliographic references.

$84

13820. The Importance of the Peloponnesian War According to Thucydides.

This essay attempts to get inside the head of the classic historian and speculate on why Thucydides believed that this war was of great historical significance. Argues that Thucydides was determined to make his own history a rival to that of Herodotus (author of The Persian Wars). 8 pages, 8 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources.

$56

13802. The Three Universal Archetypes: Roman, Jewish, Greek.

A brief essay explicating three universal archetypes: 1) the Roman culture of the will; 2) the Greek culture of the mind; and 3) the Jewish culture of the heart. Considers the legacy of each archetype in terms of its influence on Western society, philosophy and religion. 6 pages, 3 footnotes, 1 bibliographic reference.

$42

13658. The Archetypes of Western Anthropology.

An overview of three archetypes of Western anthropology: the Roman culture of the will; the Greek culture of the mind; and the Jewish culture of the heart. The paper examines how each of these archetypes shaped Western civilization in terms of bureaucratic and legal psychology, scientific and aesthetic tradition, and ethical and religious viewpoints. 6 pages, 8 footnotes, 7 bibliographic references.

$42

13402. The Political Marriages of Charlemagne.

Disusses the marriages and attempted marriages of Carolingian ruler, with emphasis on those that were meant to expand the empire. Also discusses marriages of the time in terms of inheritance, and concludes by noting the irony of Charlemagne having many children but his only eligible heir being the weak King Louis I. 14 pages, 55 footnotes, 11 bibliographic sources.

$98

13358. The English Celts.

Overview of the topic, including origins, views of Roman conquerers, structure of society, position of women, languages and writing, religious and mythological beliefs, and role of the druids. 11 pages, 53 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources.

$77

13267. Life in Europe in the Year 1000.

A paper on the hardships of life in feudal times, including the health problems that arose from unsanitary conditions. Also discusses the superstitions that people held, as well as such things as the abuse of children and the oppression of women. 6 pages, 26 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources.

$42

13213. The Evolution of the Doric Temple in Greece.

How the Doric order of architecture developed in ancient Greece, from earliest times to the "Golden Age" and the building of the Parthenon. 11 pages, 45 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources.

$77

13188. The Pyramid Complex at Giza.

A discussion of the architectural features of this ancient Egyptian site. Includes a discussion of the Valley Temple, the Sphinx, and the interior and exterior of the Great Pyramid of Khufu. Also refers to speculations on the purpose of the pyramids and how they were constructed. 10 pages, 38 footnotes in text, 5 bibliographic sources

$70

13069. Ancient Greek Olympic Games.

A thorough survey, including such topics as the origin and location of the games, temples and rituals, spectators, prestige of winners, other Panhellenic festivals, and the decline during the Roman occupation. Also describes various events (some of which were quite violent), as well as some of the stories associated with the games, such as those of the great athlete Milo. 17 pages, 92 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources.

$119

13067. The Islamic Empire (632-1258 c.e.).

The reigns of the caliphs, reasons for success of early conquests, and the economic, religious and social changes that took place during the time. Also describes the "golden age" of the Abbasid Dynasty and the reasons for the decline of this dynasty. 7 pages, 31 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources.

$49

13036. Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes.

Compares and contrasts the characteristics and beliefs of these three Jewish sects at the start of the Christian Era. 8 pages, 40 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources.

$56

12682. Louis Vii and Philip Ii.

A comparison of these two French kings (father and son), based on the views of Amy Kelly (Eleanor of Aquitaine and the Four Kings) and Allan Temko (Notre-Dame of Paris). Shows that Louis was pious and gentle but a weak king. By contrast, Philip was a worldly man who regained the territories lost during Louis's reign. Also argues that both books are useful but that, overall, Kelly's book is more detailed 1and descriptive. 11p., 54f,. 2b.

$77

12457. Henry Iv of Castile (1425-1474).

Life and career of this weak and incompetent ruler who was called "Henry the Impotent" by his political enemies. Covers the negative views of the chroniclers of the time, as well as the controversy over the legitimacy of Henry's presumed heir (La Beltraneja). 11 pages, 44 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources.

$77

12456. Queen Isabella of Castile (1451-1504).

Emphasizes her qualities of virtue and integrity, as recorded by the chroniclers of her own time. discusses her work in collaboration with her husband Ferdinand, as well as her role in the war to reclaim Granada and her support for the explorations of Columbus. Also notes, however, that her efforts to defend Catholicism caused her to be involved in both the Inquisition and the expulsion of the Jews - two dark sports on her otherwise virtuous career. 12 pages, 46 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources.

$84

12455. Life in Europe in the Year 1000.

A paper on the hardships of life in feudal times, including the health problems that arose from unsanitary conditions. Also discusses the superstitions that people held, as well as such things as the abuse of children and oppression of women. 5 pages, 26 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources.

$35

12454. World Views of Four Ancient Societies.

How the world views of the Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Jews and Greeks had an influence on the attitudes of the people. Also shows how the world views developed over time: first they were based on myths, then they were monotheistic, and finally they were based on rational and humanistic philosophies. 7p., 5b., 23f.

$49

12280. Queen Victoria's Jubilee.

Summary and analysis of an 1887 editorial from The Times celebrating the accomplishments of England during the first 50 years of her reign. 5 pages, 7 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source.

$35

12211. Louis Xiv's Foreign Policy to 1697.

Examines the major themes and objectives of French War and diplomacy from 1661 to 1697. The king's policy of territorial expansion and political domination is seen as expression of royal absolutism in foreign affairs. 12 pages, 22 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources.

$84

12208. Vienna as a "Cradle of Music."

Argues that the city became a great music center because of its location in the heart of Europe and because of the patronage of the Hapsburg Dynasty. Many great composers lived in the city, including Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Brahms, Strauss, and Schoenberg. Ironically, many of these artists were rejected by the citizens of Vienna during their own times. 10 pages, 32 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources.

$70

12207. The Athenian Empire in the Peloponnesian War.

Compares the two versions of the origins and development of the Athenian empire, as described in Book I of Thucydides' history. 10 pages, 8 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source.

$70

12206. The Sicilian Expedition in "The Peloponnesian War" (Book)

This paper describes the disastrous war expedition that led to the fall of the Athenian empire. The Sicilian defeat is seen as symptomatic of Athenian arrogance and internal weakness in the democracy. Keywords: Greek history military campaigns. 10 pages, 13 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source.

$70

12205. Horus: The Falcon Deity.

The paper relates the details of the myth of Horus and explains the connections between the myth and ancient Egyptian religious belief. 5 pages, 13 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources.

$35

12203. Bubonic Plague: The Black Death.

A description and short history of the bubonic plague epidemic of 1347-1351. The disease, mortality rates, and social and economic effects of the epidemic are reviewed. 11 pages, 22 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources.

$77

12202. Pericles, Cleon and Diodotus on Speech and Action in History of the Peloponnesian War.

This paper compares the rhetoric of the Athenians Pericles, Cleon and Diodotus concerning the use of reason versus the need for action in the war against Sparta. Keywords: Greek history military campaigns. 10 pages, 9 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source.

$70

12151. Julio-Claudian Art.

Emphasizes the influence of Greek classicism on the works of the period, including portrait sculptures, coins, and wall paintings. During the early part of the period, figures were idealized and there were few innovations in style. during the later part of the period, however, there was a gradual shift toward increased realism. 20 pages, 60 footnotes, 9 bibliographic sources.

$133

12150. Ptolmeic Art.

11p. See Section 3: Art.

$77

12038. Treatment of Women in the Iliad and the Epic of Gilgamesh.

Examines these two works as examples of patriarchal values in ancient times. Shows that women (including goddesses) were either completely repressed or else they were forced to use their "sexual charms" to get what they wanted out of men. 6 pages, 20 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources.

$42

12037. The Rise of Rome: To 290 b.c.

Traces the rise of Roman power in Italy to its culmination in 290 B.C. Describes how the ancient Romans forged unique solutions to the problems of internal discord and external threats and in this way, created a great empire. 6 pages, 10 footnotes in text, 2 bibliographic sources.

$42

11972. The Book of Kells.

History and description of the 8th century Irish illuminated manuscript which shows the merging of Christian and pre-Christian influences. Also discusses illuminated manuscripts in general and compares the Book of Kells with other manuscripts of the time. 12 pages, 35 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources.

$84

11866. Prostitution in the Ancient World.

This paper examines and discusses prostitution in the ancient world with a focus on ancient Mesopotamia, classical Athens, imperial Rome and the early Christians. Considers how these societies shaped contemporary attitudes towards prostitution and examines the role of the evolution of patriarchy in the denigration of female prostitutes within western societies. 15 pages, 43 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources.

$105

11865. Women in Ancient Greece: Status, Sexuality and Family Life.

Explores the status of women (focusing on sexuality) in ancient Greece, concentrating on the status of women during the Homeric era and then looking at women in classical Athens. Considers in detail the roles and status of maidens, wives, prostitutes, and concubines. Draws upon both contemporary feminist analysis and source materials in ancient Greek literature, law and mythology. 20 pages, 43 footnotes, 11 bibliographic sources.

$133

11862. Ancient Egyptian Religion.

Explores Egyptian mythology, history, and rites for the dead. Includes comparison with modern Christianity. 10 pages, 17 footnotes, 3 bibliographic sources.

$70

11557. Medieval Legacies and the Building of the Spanish Empire.

Examines the culture, social organization, economy and political structure of the nascent Spanish empire at the time of its critical turning point -- about 1500 -- from the vantage point of its medieval post. Focusing closely on the economy and social structure of Spain, the analysis also examines the cultural/ethnic heritage of these features, as well as the extent to which these characteristics were similar to or different from those found in other European countries of that era. 12 pages, 16 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources.

$84

11480. Paganism and Christianity in the Arthur Legends.

Considers how the pre-Christian Arthur legends were transformed into Christian symbolism. Focuses on Guinevere and the Grail stories, covers history and variants of the tales to argue that Christians tried to re-make the image of women into the two models of Eve (fallen) or Mary (saintly). 10 pages, 23 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources.

$70

11405. Alexander the Great: His Skill as a General.

Short overview of Alexander's generalship and tactics. Battles of Issus, Tyre and Gaugamela are examined at greatest length, also overview of all his campaigns, his staff and morale-building, organization and logistics, full of praise for his ability to overcome enemy challenges and natural/cultural/logistical obstacles. 8 pages, 22 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources.

$56

11404. The Council of Chalcedon.

Brief summary of this doctrinal/political turning point in Church history in 451 AD, including the doctrinal and political situation created by previous events, conflict of bishops in Rome, Alexandria and Constantinople, role of Western and Eastern emperors, events and outcomes of the Council itself. 6 pages, 15 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources.

$42

11248. Attitudes Toward Sexuality, Love, and Transcendence in Classical Literature (Pindar, Plato, Propertius) and Christian Mystics (Julian of Norwich, Margery Kempe, Teresa of Avila).

Discusses similarities between ancient ideas of sex as a step on the way to transcendence and access to the divine, and sexual nature in the raptures of the medieval mystics. 15 pages, 20 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources.

$105

11245. Marco Polo.

The impact of Polo's journey and writings on Europe and China is examined. The significance of new diplomatic and commercial relations is assessed, and the role of the Travels in stimulating interest in overseas exploration is noted. 9 pages, 12 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources.

$63

11212. The Enduring Appeal of the Arthurian Myth.

The lasting popularity of the mythic cycle of tales of the Knights of the Round Table is analyzed. The variety of themes, including adultery, Christian redemption, and knightly chivalry, is explored. 5 pages, 5 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources.

$35

11158. Constantine the Great and His Influences on Art and Architecture.

Looks at the life and times of the 4th Century Roman emperor, tracing his dynasty and viewing his impact on art and architecture in the eastern and western churches after Christianity was adopted by Rome. 9 pages, 12 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources.

$63

11150. Roman Art and Architecture as Political Propaganda in the Age of Caesar and Augustus.

The use of public monuments, private decorative arts, and sculpture to present Augustus' ideal of Rome as ruler of the worlds and himself as its leader- from the time of his wars with Marc Antony through the end of his reign. 7 pages, 18 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources. + list of illustrations references.

$49

11081. How Sexual Issues Affected the Power of Women in Medieval Society.

Examines how gender and sex roles affected the power of men and women in medieval society. Women are seen as essentially powerless property in a male-dominated, war-oriented society. 8 pages, 14 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources.

$56

11037. Herodotus' "The History".

The reasons for Greek victory over the Persian horde are analyzed. Strategy, tactics and defensive position are seen as decisive factors. 5 pages, 8 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source.

$35

11014. The Gothic Cathedral.

Analyzes the Gothic cathedral in context of social, religious and architectural constructs. Technical and artistic innovations are linked to improvements in construction and new ethical and moral values. 5 pages, 23 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources.

$35

11013. "Life in a Medieval Village" (Frances & Joseph Gies).

Discusses physical traits, social and economic organization, the influence of the church, and civil administration in medieval villages. 5 pages, 9 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source.

$35

10563. Byzantine Political and Religious Philosophy.

The first nation to accept and incorporate Christian teachings in its government, the Byzantine or East Roman Empire exerted a lasting influence on European culture during its 1000 year reign. The report examines their influence and contrasts their views with the classic Greeks. The Justinian Code, Platonism and the universities, and the unity of Church and State are emphasized. 15 pages, 38 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources.

$105

10505. The Historical King Arthur.

The historical basis for the legend of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table is examined. Accounts of a 6th Century warrior are found in early British chronicles. 6 pages, 8 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources.

$42

10472. The Church of the Monastery at Daphni.

The design, construction, and interior decoration of an important Middle Byzantine church are analyzed in detail. Greek and Constantinopolitan influences on the famous mosaics of the church are noted. 10 pages, 14 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources.

$70

10470. The Dome of St. Sophia Cathedral.

The design, construction and decoration of the great central of the Hagia Sophia church in Istanbul are looked at from the perspective of a 6th Century builder. 5 pages, 9 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources.

$35

10461. Byzantine Political Organization and Culture.

Examines the essential organization of Byzantine political culture to see how it affected the development of the various regions of Eastern Europe and the Balkan states in the centuries that followed. 6 pages, 5 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source.

$42

10460. Rome's Debt to Greek Civilization.

Discusses whether Rome was merely a continuation of Greek culture. Considers the arts, social and economic forms, and political and military patterns. 6 pages, 8 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source.

$42

10454. Temple Architecture of the Copper Age: The Temples of Malta.

Considers the history of temple building in the Copper Age, the type of construction used, the purposes of the construction, and the reasons the construction came to an end. Some speculation concerning the customs of the ancient Maltese is included. 10 pages, 29 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources.

$70

10431. Kingship and Religion-Origins and Nature of Their Association.

Ancient Middle Eastern and Greco-Roman views of kingship and its sacred component are described, and the evolution of the theory of divine rights of kings during the period of nationalism and absolutism in 15th-17th Century Europe is reviewed. 14 pages, 19 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources.

$98

10412. "Adam, Eve and the Serpent" by Elaine Pagels: A Book Review About Early Christianity.

The book argues that Christianity made significant breaks with Jewish and Roman traditions concerning divorce, the place of procreation, and devotion to the family. Christianity's appeal and consequent threat to established orders is discussed. 5 pages, 5 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source.

$35

10349. Religious Beliefs of the Franks and the English.

Compares the religious beliefs and practices of the 6th Century Franks with those of the English in Chaucer's day. Gregory of Tours and Chaucer are used as sources. 8 pages, 12 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources.

$56

10348. The Medieval Worlds of King Clovis and El Cid.

Compares the political and social ideals of King Clovis' France (6th century, as described in Gregory of Tours' "A History of the Franks", with those of the Spain of El Cid, 11th century). 8 pages, 11 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources.

$56

10322. Hannibal and the Punic Wars.

The role of Hannibal in the wars between Carthage and the Republic of Rome is examined; various historians' views of Hannibal the military leader and man are reviewed. 7 pages, 9 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources.

$49

10321. Employee Performance Evaluation.

Following a brief discussion of the importance of employee performance appraisals and their central objectives, the paper discusses some of the major problems with traditional approaches and presents alternative strategies to improving the process. 5 pages, 16 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources.

$35

10263. The Carolingian Monastery.

Examines the reform and revival of the monastic orders under Charlemagne and his successors; the role of Benedict of Aniane, and the austere Benedictine rule in the later development of the Cluniac movement is noted. 5 pages, 12 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources.

$35

10235. The Swiss Mercenaries.

The origins and history of the Swiss heavy infantry, from the 13th century down to their present-day ceremonial role at the Vatican, are presented. Tactics, weaponry, and political uses of the Swiss soldiery are examined in detail. 8 pages, 15 footnotes, 8 bibliographic sources.

$56

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