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25D. MIDDLE EAST STUDIES

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13091. VIEWING MIDDLE EASTERN CULTURE THROUGH WOMEN'S STORIES. This report presents an analysis and critique of two ethnographies of contemporary Middle Eastern culture, Erika Friedl's (1989) Women of Deh Koh: Lives in an Iranian Village and Lila Abu-Lughod's Writing Women's Worlds: Bedouin Stories. Comparing and contrasting the approach taken by each author, the analysis identifies the authors' research problem, theoretical frameworks and methodology; summarizes the ethnographic content of the book and the authors' conclusions; and briefly critiques each book in terms of its contribution to an understanding of Middle Eastern culture and society and its status as an anthropological, versus political science approach to understanding the people of the Middle East. 11p., 18f., 2b.   $77
 
13079. THE INFLUENCE OF THE ARAB OIL POWERS ON THE ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT. Thorough summary of Mideast conflicts, written from perspective of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, using Kissingerian 'realist' analysis in plain language. Begins with "structural analysis" of S.A. and Kuwait, Israel, and U.S., contrasting small populations and relatively (except for oil) poor resource endowment Arabs with small population & size of Israel, yet Israel's great power from her close social/political connection with Western powers & participation in modern economy. Good summary of Mideast wars & attitudes since 1947, with detailed history of the two episodes when Arab oil powers did strongly influence events: the 1973-4 war and oil embargo, and the 1990-91 Gulf War and subsequent American sponsorship of the Madrid Process, which led to the Oslo process, which ruled through 1997 (and until the next war?) Provocative conclusion presents the three conditions which history shows are necessary for "significant progress on the Palestinian issue" to occur, and why S. A. and Kuwait are currently in weak position. 23p., 31b., 65f.   $133
 
13067. THE ISLAMIC EMPIRE (632-1258 C.E.). The reigns of the caliphs, reasons for success of early conquests, and the economic, religious and social changes that took place during the time. Also describes the "golden age" of the Abbasid Dynasty and the reasons for the decline of this dynasty. 7p., 31f., 5b.   $49
 
12733. MUSLIM WOMEN: THE STRUGGLE FOR ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION. Following an overview of Islamic doctrine on gender and its implications for women's rights, the analysis profiles and investigates women's role in the economic sector of Muslim societies of the Middle East. Women's roles in this sector are considered within the framework of modernization, national political frameworks, and the recent upsurge in Islamic fundamentalism. The analysis draws on specific examples from Egypt, Iran, Sudan, Turkey, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. 26p. 41f. 23b   $133
 
12723. CURRENT QUESTIONS ON THE STATUS OF JERUSALEM. An even-handed summary of the modern history of the most knotty problem at the heart of the Mid-East tangle: two communities with very strong social/religious/political reasons to claim the same city as their capital. Begins with good summary of the 20th Century political history of Jerusalem, positions of the two communities, detailed summary of peace-making 1967-97 making clear positions of Israel, Palestinians, United States and United Nations. Concludes with examination of many high-minded (but highly improbable) proposals for peace, worries that "there is no settlement to the problem of Jerusalem which will satisfy both sides." 14p. 17b. 34f.   $98
 
12655. EGYPTIAN SANITARY-WARE MARKET AND THE WORLD MARKET. This paper provides an analysis of the Egyptian sanitary-ware industry. The analysis is undertaken from the perspective of Rubex Group, an Egyptian firm engaged in the production of acrylic bath tubs, plastic tables and chairs, toilet lids, kitchenware and other plastic products. Begins with an overview of the global sanitary ware market, drawing on examples from developed markets in the US, Europe and Japan, as well as from developing markets such as China. The paper then focuses on the Egyptian sanitary-ware industry and its competitors. Looks at the structure of the industry, considers barriers to entry, strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats, and future prospects, with specific attention to Rubex. A concluding section analyzes the prospects for global expansion. Keywords: Middle East markets international marketing acrylic plastics sanitary SWOT PEST industry profile. 29p., 73f., 35b.   $133
 
12649. THE EU-EGYPTIAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EGYPTIAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY. This paper provides a brief analysis of the implications of the prospective Egypt-European Union Partnership Agreement for the Egyptian textiles industry. Briefly reviews Egypt's textile export trade and the current composition and framework of EU-Egyptian textile trade. Examines changes under the proposed Partnership, along with changes stemming from the phase-out of the Multi-Fiber Agreement and full implementation of the WTO's ATC regime, summarizes the likely impact of the new regime, and considers appropriate responses. 9p., 32f., 15b   $63
 
12638. THE EGYPTIAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the Egyptian textiles industry. Following a history of the industry and a discussion of the components and structure of the industry, the analysis considers recent performance in the sector and examines the efforts towards reform with an outlook towards the future, taking into consideration upcoming challenges and opportunities. 11p., 44f., 21b.   $77
 
12579. ISLAM AND GENDER: STRUGGLES IN THE POST-MODERNIST WORLD. This paper provides a survey overview and analysis of Muslim nations' struggle to deal with the "women question" in a post-modernist world where Islamic ideology and traditionalism confronts economic, social, and political imperatives demanding re-definition of women's rights and roles in Muslim society. Following a general overview of women and Islamism, the analysis draws on examples from Muslim countries to consider women's current and future position is post-modernist Muslim society. Following a general overview of women and Islamism, the analysis draws on examples from Muslim countries to consider women's current and future position in post-modernist Mulsim society. 12p., 32f., 19b.   $84
 
12578. THE ISLAMIC THREAT: MYTH OR REALITY? BY JOHN ESPOSITO. Actually, a summary of a small portion of this book, comparing the "first generation" of Islamic modernists (Al-Afghani, M. Abduh and M. Igbal) who became prominent after the 1880's. with a later group that may be called "Islamic neorevivalists" (H.al-Banna, m.A.A. Mawdudi, and S. Qutb). Afghani was the first to say that Muslims should study the science of the West, in order to further Islamic causes, while al-Banna founded the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and Mawdudi founded the Jamaat-i-Islami in Pakistan, movements that started with personal and social transformation and became political. Study covers the similarities and differences of these two groups, finds militancy of second group explained by the lack of Muslim power and progress in the second half of the 20th Century. 9p., 17 notes in text, 1b.   $63
 
12556. ANALYSIS OF THE PERSIAN GULF USING THE BALANCE OF POWER THEORY. Discusses the roles of Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and other nations. Also discusses U.S. interests, and the failed use of a "dual containment" policy in the region. Argues instead for an integrative, multicentric approach. 18p. 42f. 10b.   $126
 
12553. SAUDI ARABIAN POLICY TOWARDS REFUGEES. Examines Saudi foreign policy on refugees from the larger perspective of overall Saudi foreign policy concerns. In an attempt to understand and identify Saudi refugee policy (given that formal policy is nonexistent), the investigation gathers evidence from four main areas: policy on political asylum, Saudi role in the Gulf War refugee situation, Saudi policy on foreign workers, and the Saudi record on human rights. 19p., 35f., 26b.   $133
 
12550. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE PERSIAN GULF WAR. How the war and its leaders were conceptualized by U.S. politicians and the media. Discusses how Saddam was depicted as an evil "power mad bully," while Bush was depicted as a benevolent protector. Also discusses other concepts related to the war such as the "Vietnam stigma" and the "new world order." 24p., 75f., 12b.   $133
 
12437. THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU) AND THE GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL (GCC). This paper compares and contrasts the history, development, organizational structure and function, and successes/failures of the EU and GCC. Basis of similarity include an attempt to secure political/defense cooperation through the mechanism of economic integration, while primary differences include profound contrasts in member structure, organizational design, and environmental (especially defense) considerations. Includes an organizational chart for each group. 18p., 39f., 27b.   $126
 
12429. RUSSIAN-TURKISH TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS. Provides an overview and analysis of Russo-Turkish trade and economic relations in the post-communist era. Profiles the historical and current volume and composition of trade and considers the dominance of Russian energy exports in this trade. Analyzes the major issues, conflicts and obstacles in Russian-Turkish economic relations, with special focus on the oil pipeline controversy, Chechnya, Azerbaijan, Iran, and the US. 17p., 54f., 36b.   $119
 
12379. ARAB MANAGEMENT: CULTURE AND MANAGEMENT IN SAUDI ARABIA. This paper presents an overview and analysis of the Arabian style of management as exemplified by Saudi Arabian businesses. The Arab management style is compared and contrasted to the American style, with a discussion of the major cultural influences on each. the analysis begins with a discussion of the major cultural influences on Arabian management. Following this, a profile of the "Saudi management style" is presented and discusses with comparisons to American management. The concluding section presents a summary comparison of American and Arabian management styles. 10p., 31f., 17b.   $70
 
12296. DEFENDING THE KINGDOM: SAUDI DEFENSE STRATEGY SINCE THE GULF WAR. This paper examines Saudi Arabia defense strategy and issues since the Gulf War. The analysis begins with an overview and historical background of Saudi security issues in the aftermath of the Gulf War. This is followed by a detailed analysis of Saudi defense spending, military and defense capacities, and current and future security concerns. 15p., 49f., 34b.   $105
 
12295. THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF LABOR EXPORTING IN THE MIDDLE EAST: THE CASE OF EGYPT. This paper examines the dynamics of the Arab Middle Eastern labor market, considering the cost and benefits of labor exporting from the perspective of the single biggest exporter in the inter-Middle Eastern labor market: Egypt. Specifies the "push" and "pull" factors involved in migration, profiles the scope of migratory patterns, analyzes benefits and costs, considers current trends and prospects for the future. 15p., 37f., 19b.   $105
 
12291. COMPARISONS IN DECLINE: THE MANCHU EMPIRE AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. This paper compares the internal and external factors in the decline of two great empires – the Manchu Empire of China and the Ottoman Empire of Anatolia. The paper argues that internal factors were the cause of the Manchu Empire’s decline (specifically, a revolt against an unpopular central government), while external factors were the cause of the Ottoman Empire’s decline (specifically, the unexpected collapse of the Bulgarian army on the Salonika front in the autumn of 1918. Keywords: Anatolia China comparative history. Written 1996. 11 pages; 16 footnotes; 6 bibliographic sources.   $77
 
12275. MEMED, MY HAWK BY YASHAR KEMAL. This paper treats Kemal's novel, which explores the lives of hill villagers in Southern Turkey in the late 1930's, as a social document. The analysis explores the relationship between the landlord and the villagers to defend their interests, and contemplates why the protagonist Memed, along with other bandits and brigands, is able to win support from the villagers. A concluding section offers an overall response to the book, both as a novel and as a social document. 10p., 16f., 1b.   $70
 
12262. SAUDI ARABIA: A PRESCRIPTION FOR DEFENSE, 1997-2002. This paper seeks to address Saudi Arabia's future defense planning needs through a presentation of a mid-range defense "prescription" covering the period 1997 through 2002. The investigation begins with an analysis of Saudi Arabia's current and short-term future defense needs, looking first at the global, regional, and domestic forces and threats impacting on Saudi Arabia's defense strategy, and then considering the country's current defense strategy and position. the second section of the paper presents the general and specific recommendations for Saudi defense from 1997-2002 based on this analysis. 22p., 101f., 43b.   $133
 
12261. THE EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION OF 1952. This paper presents an analysis and assessment of the Egyptian Revolution, examining factors and forces leading to revolution; looking at the scope of the revolution itself, assessing the impact of the revolution on the Egyptian economy, military, society, political structure and foreign relations, and considering the legacy of the 1952 revolution from the perspective of Egypt in the 1990s. 26p., 62f., 20b.   $133
 
12252. U.S.-SAUDI RELATIONS. An analysis of recent (since the Gulf War) relations between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia, which considers the impact and implications of the Gulf War, Saudi domestic instability, bombings of American military facilities, and Saudi Arabia's lukewarm response to the September 1996 U.S. military action against Iraq. Profiles the objectives and interests of both nations in the relationship. Considers the major external (Gulf War, American hegemonic interests) and internal (domestic discord, succession crisis) factors affecting the recent stresses in U.S.- Saudi relations. 17p., 34f., 25b.   $119
 
12233. THE SHAHNAMAH OF FERDOWSI (BOOK OF KINGS). Looks at the Persian "Book of Kings" as a source of moral instruction, general education, and historical record. The author's unique combination of myth, epic and history in a national epic poem is noted. 11p., 15f., 1b.   $77
 
12210. THE HISTORY OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. This paper presents a political and historical profile of the Ottoman Empire, considering its scope and composition, focus on jihad, administration, obligations of subjects, economy, and position on religious tolerance. A concluding section considers the reasons behind the demise of the empire. Keywords: Ottomans Turks Anatolia. 11p., 30f., 11b.   $77
 
12113. SMALL BUSINESS IN EGYPT. Investigates the role of the small business and entrepreneurial sector in Egypt. Following an overview of the macroenvironment, the analysis investigates the status of Egyptian small business in terms of its history, development, government regulations, emerging trends and future outlook. Compares and contrasts small business activity within the formal and much larger "informal" sector of Egypt's economy. 17p., 46f., 21b.   $119
 
12101. THE CAUSES OF THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION OF 1979. Discusses five major causes of the revolution: 1) Dissatisfaction of the Iranian people with the Shah's modernization efforts; 2) the Shah's authoritarian government; 3) disenchantment with the influence of Western views; 4) a return to traditional Islamic values; and 5) the leadership of the Ayatollah Khomeini. 7p., 20f., 6b.   $49
 
12100. THE POLITICAL SITUATION IN SAUDI ARABIA AND OTHER PERSIAN GULF STATES. Discusses such problems as disputes among Saudi Arabia's royal family, the rise of Islamic fundamentalism and terrorism, the discontent of the people and calls for increased democracy, territorial disputes, and competition for the world's oil market. Also discusses prospects for the future of the region and suggestions for improving the political situation there. 10p., 37f., 7b.   $70
 
12088. OIL AND ISLAM. This term paper traces the convergence between oil and the Islamic religion in the Middle East. Considers the Islamic world's view of its own oil wealth; outlines the rise of OPEC; profiles the relationship between oil, economic development, and sovereignty in the Islamic nations; and analyzes the link between fundamentalist movements and aggressive pricing policies. The concluding section outlines possible future scenarios for oil-producing Islamic countries and their relations with oil-consuming developed nations. 12 pages, 21 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources.   $84
 
12087. ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM IN NORTH AND EAST AFRICA. Analyzes recent conflicts in the region caused by the rise of Islamic movements in Egypt, Algeria, Morocco and Chad, and by the rise of an Islamist government in Sudan. Also discusses warfare among various Islamists and proposes that the solution to the problem lies not in violence but in the establishment of new democratic systems. 17p., 50f., 15b.   $119
 
12086. SUNNI AND SHIITE APPROACHES TO ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM. Discusses how the basic differences between the two sects arose because of a dispute over leadership. Also discusses the various reasons why Sunni Islamists are more moderate in their approach whereas Shi'ites are more extreme and radical. 7p., 27f., 6b.   $49
 
12085. ISLAMIC DEMOCRACY. This paper examines the proposition that there are several principles or institutions built into the traditions of Islam that provide a basis for an Islamic form of democracy. Considers the ideas of Islamic poet and philosopher, Muhammad Iqbal, his son, Javid, and Muslim Brotherhood founder Hassan al-Turabi who all argued that democratic principles could be found in the Islamic principle of tawhid, the emphasis on the consensus (ijma) of the community, and in the way that the caliphs (leaders) were chosen in the early years of the faith. Draws on the work of other Islamic and Western scholars to compare and contrast the Islamic ideas of democracy with those of Western-style liberal democracy. Keywords: Islamic doctrine democratic principles comparative political philosophy. 11p., 32f., 8b.   $77
 
12076. ROLE OF THE URBAN LOWER MIDDLE CLASS IN THE ISLAMIC MOVEMENTS OF THE MIDDLE EAST. Discusses the two main arguments that explain why the urban lower middle class is the social basis for Islamic movements: the culturalist perspective (behavior is caused by cultural beliefs) and the political economy perspective (behavior is caused by socio-economic factors). Argues that both of these factors have contributed to the rise of Islamic movements. 9p. 33f. 10b.   $63
 
11953. THE ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY OF JAMAL AD-DIN AL-AFGHANI. Discusses a variety of interpretations about Afghani's beliefs about Western Philosophy and Islamic religion. 7p. 5f. 1b.   $49
 
11939. OPEC PRICING & PRODUCTION POLICIES. Reviews OPEC pricing and production strategies since the organization's inception in 1960. Projects future scenarios in world oil supply/demand balances. Identifies key reasons behind policy failure (including both economic and political factors) and makes recommendations for future policy adjustments. 37p., 105f., 52b.   $133
 
11906. PRE-EMPTIVE DIPLOMACY IN MIDDLE EASTERN AFFAIRS: THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE UNITED STATES, 1977-94. Thoroughly examines the use of pre-emptive diplomacy in Israeli-Arab wars, the Iran-Iraq War, the U.S.-Kuwait War, and consequent peace conferences with the U.N. 30p. 60f. 55b.   $133
 
11867. ATATURK & TURKEY'S WESTERNIZATION. Investigation and analysis of Kemal Ataturk's enduring legacy of secularization and democratization in Turkey. Profiles Ataturk's early life, ideology, and military career. Considers the degree of westernization, secularization and democracy prior to the formation of the Turkish republic. Examines in detail Ataturk's reforms aimed at his six principles of republicanism, secularism, nationalism, etatism, populism, and revolution. Assesses the role of Ataturk's reforms in fostering Turkish democracy. 33p., 51f., 17b.   $133
 
11854. THE SUCCESS OF THE SAUDI PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY. Explores the international economics of the success of the Saudi petrochemical industry and considers whether or not the Saudi industry would have been successful without key subsidies. Profiles the Saudi industry and its position within the international petrochemical industry. Outlines the major competitive advantages of the Saudi industry related to feedstock costs and availability, utility costs, financing, and technology. Considers the major barriers facing the industry, including resistance to the continuation of price subsidies, the prospect of short-term natural gas feedstock shortages, and market barriers (tariffs and quotas). 18p., 58f., 30b.   $126
 
11710. THE WEST'S POLICY TOWARD OPEC. Analyzes policy options of the U.S. and its allies towards OPEC. Depicts current U.S. policy toward OPEC as based on the dual objective of support for the moderating influence of Saudi Arabia and efforts at isolating "renegade" OPEC members such as Iraq & Iran. Considers U.S. policy options in the event of Middle Eastern political upheaval. Argues for decreased dependence on OPEC and greater exploration of alternative oil sources, including China, Mexico, the former Soviet Union, and Alaska. 11p., 7f., 7b.   $77
 
11707. CREATING CONSENSUS AND WAGING WAR: ISSUES IN THE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF SAUDI ARABIA. See Section 25D. 12p. 23f. 12b.   $84
 
11707. CREATING CONSENSUS AND WAGING WAR: ISSUES IN THE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF SAUDI ARABIA. Traces Saudi Arabia's development as a nation, from the era of nomadic warfare in the early 20th century, to its emergence as an independent state under Ibn Saud, its position during World War I, achievement of statehood in 1932, the impact of oil wealth beginning in the late 1940s, and its involvement in regional wars during the 1970s to 1990s. Examines Saudi Arabia's foreign relations with Western powers and with other Arab states. 12p. 23f. 12b.   $84
 
11702. THE PALESTINIAN-ISRAELI CONFLICT IN THE 1990S: END-GAME OR ENDLESS WAR? The paper provides an overview of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, summarizing its evolution and the central issues of land and religion, discussing the role and position of both parties during the 1967, 1973 and 1978 conflicts, the evolution of the Intifada during the 1980s, and then focusing on the state of the conflict during the 1990s. Considers whether the post-Oslo negotiations are likely to lead to lasting peace or whether it is reasonable to expect future armed struggles between the two groups. 19p., 40f., 39b.   $133
 
11613. THE IRAQI INVASION OF KUWAIT IN INTERNATIONAL THEORY. Thorough analysis of the invasion and war, with summary of events, in terms of realist, neorealist and pluralism schools of political science/international relations and analysis, arguing that Iraq's behavior makes most sense in a pluralism analysis. 21p., 36f., 14b.   $133
 
11609. THE CIVIL WAR IN AFGHANISTAN. Brief overview of the Afghan political scene in the mid-1990s. Covers the 1993 accords, Taliban movement, the role and attitude of foreign powers. 6p. 19f. 12b.   $42
 
11461. ANNIHILATION OR ASSIMILATION: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS IN THE ARAB-ISRAELI PEACE PROCESS. Examines the social assimilation vs. annihilation argument from the perspective of the Arab-Israeli conflict, the ongoing peace process, and the influence of U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East. Argues that Israeli Zionist-expansionist efforts since 1967 and U.S. policy alignments with Israel delayed peace negotiations and further polarized the two sides. Considers factors prompting the peace treaty and assesses its likely endurance. 15p. 41f. 18b.   $105
 
11458. ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND ISSUES IN SAUDI ARABIA. Presents an overview and analysis of environmental concerns and issues in Saudi Arabia. Considers both the catastrophic-created threats (taking the Gulf War as a case in point) to the Saudi environment and the threats to environmental integrity posed by current development programs and the "normal" course of business and industry in Saudi Arabia. 15p. 41f. 18b.   $105
 
11451. ISLAMIC CALLIGRAPHY. Exhaustive survey of Islamic calligraphy, both as an art form, and as a religious devotion. Covers pre-Islamic status of Arabic writing, association of writing with the Qur'an, various cultural changes in calligraphy in early Islamic centuries, complete coverage of types of script and schools of calligraphy, Eastern & Western Kufic, Magribi schools, etc., and an appreciation of the role of calligraphy as a flagship art in Islamic culture. 30p. 72f. 12b.   $133
 
11401. THE WAR POWERS ACT IN THE 1980S. Review of the application of the War Powers Act in various crises of the Middle East and Iran-Iraq War, with a basic review of its history and much attention to structural-situational conflict of Congress and President in theory and practice. 9p., 29f., 11b.   $63
 
11258. WHY DID SADDAM HUSSEIN INVADE KUWAIT? Holds that the reasons for Iraq's invasion of Kuwait include Saddam Hussein's desire for pan-Arab leadership and the need to be prepared to continue the fight against Iran. But holds that economic pressures of Kurdish rebellion and lack of oil fields held potential for political trouble for Hussein's Baathist party. 12p., 15f., 5b.   $84
 
11257. LEBANON: MOVING BEYOND CIVIL WAR. Provides an overview and analysis of the political, economic and military position of Lebanon in its post-civil war period., Reviews the causes and consequences of the 15-year Lebanese civil war and looks at potential scenarios for the future. Concludes that the prospects for continued peace in Lebanon hinge on the outcome of the PLO-Israeli peace talks. 26p., 60f., 74b.   $133
 
11252. US-ISRAELI RELATIONS IN THE POST COLD WAR ERA. Looks at U.S.-Israeli relations following the collapse of communism and hence the threat of Soviet hegemony in the Middle East. Contends that America, under Bush, began to shift away from its close alliance with Israel and has since 1988 moved towards a more 'even-handed' approach in the Middle East. Paradoxically, this trend has been reversed by Clinton, who has surrounded himself with hawkish, strongly pro-Israel Middle East advisors. 12p., 22f., 11b.   $84
 
11234. DEMOCRACY IN SAUDI ARABIA. See Section 25D. 22p. 53f. 12b.   $133
 
11234. DEMOCRACY IN SAUDI ARABIA. History of Saudi regime, nature of rentier states, democratic initiatives in SA, and chances of democracy in future. Efforts of Saudi family to maintain power by establishing leadership position in mideast and fighting off challenges from democratic modernizers and Islamic fundamentalists- both groups regarding royalty as an inappropriate form of government. 22p. 53f. 12b.   $133
 
11224. IRAN-IRAQ WAR. Origins of the historical conflict between the two nations (including Shiite/Suni and Arab/non-Arab conflicts) and immediate causes of the war (including oil fields, access to gulf). Argues that the current stoppage is a temporary cease fore, and that the Iraq/Kuwait invasion was part of the same broader conflict with Iraq attempting to prepare itself for further hostilities with Iran. 25p. 46f. 13b.   $133
 
11224. IRAN-IRAQ WAR. See Section 25D. 25p. 46f. 13b.   $133
 
11222. BOOK REVIEW OF IN THE NAME OF GOD BY ROBIN WRIGHT Detailed summary and critique of Wright's account of Iran between 1979 and 1989. Criticizes the book for failing to account for the appeal of Khomeini, the thoughts and personalities of the Shah and Khomeini, and the mechanics of Khomeini's power. Concludes that book does present good analysis of the West['s failure to understand the Iranian Revolution. 12p. 8f. 1b.   $84
 
11188. ECONOMIC PROFILE: SAUDI ARABIA. A comprehensive portrait of doing business in Saudi Arabia, from the perspective of a foreign business. Includes an analysis of the Saudi economy, politics, social-cultural structure, and government-industry relations as well as a profile of management practices and business culture in Saudi Arabia. 25p., 52f., 37b.   $133
 
11164. ENRICO MATTTEI AND THE INTERNATIONAL OIL INDUSTRY. Biography of the manager of Italy's nationalized energy industry who was one of the great entrepreneurs and leaders of the Italian Economic Miracle. Views the development of the company, its expansion, and Mattei's mysterious death in the context of his opposition to strong foreign oil interests. 16p. 43f. 12b.   $112
 
11163. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN CAIRO (641 THROUGH MIDDLE AGES). From the founding of the city by Arab invaders up to the Ottoman Empire. History of the four cities that were the basis for modern Cairo and of public architecture built by the foreign conquerors living in relative isolation among the indigenous population. Discusses the nature of an "Islamic" city as an expression of Islamic community and as characterized by related styles of architecture found in cities of North Africa and the Middle East. 19p. 52f. 13b.   $133
 
11123. WOMEN AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN SAUDI ARABIA. The status of women in Saudi Arabia is analyzed from the perspective of U.S. civil rights, U.N. conventions on human rights, and regional and ethnic customs concerning women in society. 12p., 12f., 6b.   $84
 
11104. MAJOR OPPONENTS TO THE PALESTINIAN-ISRAELI PEACE TREATY OF 1993. Major hardline opposition to the PLO-Israeli peace pact is analyzed; Fatah factions, Hamas and Islamic fundamentalists, and Israeli settlers and Zionist groups are briefly profiled. 8p., 10f., 7b.   $56
 
11097. SHI'ISM AND IRANIAN NATIONALISM. Examines the origins and political ambitions of Shi'ism from the seventh century to the time of the 1979 revolution. Iranian nationalism's roots in the ancient Persian empire, and the more universal ambitions of Shi'ism within the Islamic world, are noted. 50p., 54f., 28b.   $133
 
11088. JEWISH CULTURE AND HISTORY- THE EXILE FROM ISRAEL TO THE PRESENT. Considers the roles of religion, society structure, and persecution in formation of culture. Discusses Jewish interaction with other cultures, detailing prejudice and persecution over the centuries, and the vital and dynamic Judaism in human history. 17p., 34f., 20b.   $119
 
10688. SUEZ AND KUWAIT: AMERICAN AND SOVIET POLICY IN TWO MIDDLE EAST CRISES. Discusses two international crises where the United States and the Soviet Union were on the same side. Describes U.S. and Soviet relations and their policies toward the Third World. 17 pages, 7 footnotes in text, 8 bibliographic sources.   $119
 
10675. TREATING KUWAITI STUDENTS AFTER THE GULF WAR. A comprehensive treatment. Beginning with a survey of literature on children and war, the paper details short and long-term symptoms. A theoretical basis for treatment (based on a diagnosis of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) is offered, followed by practical considerations of various styles of therapy (Adlerian, Multimodal, etc.). Includes chart. 20 pages, 39 footnotes, 19 bibliographic sources.   $133
 
10619. UNITED STATES FOREIGN POLICY IN THE ARAB NATION-STATES. This paper presents a mock policy memo addressed to Bill Clinton providing a brief overview of the Arab states' system focusing on Saudi Arabia and Iraq as paradigms for the conflicting trends of unity and disintegration in the Arab world. Recommendations for Clinton's administration are offered. 7 pages, 9 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources.   $49
 
10582. U.S. MILITARY AND STRATEGIC ROLE IN THE MIDDLE EAST. Examines the military doctrine and strategic planning of USCENTCOM for the Middle East region in the coming region decade. Changing threats and enduring concerns of U.S. military in the area are noted. 15p., 15f., 13b.   $105
 
10581. THE GOVERNMENT OF GOD: THE EVOLUTION OF THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION. An extensive paper that includes the conditions in Iran prior to the revolution, the nature of the revolution itself, and the Ayatollah Khomeini and the Islamic republic. 35 pages, 41 footnotes, 14 bibliographic source.   $133
 
10568. THE SAUDI PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY. Details main products, current development projects, marketing strategies, and key industry strengths of SABIC and the Saudi petrochemical market. Includes an analysis of its importance to Saudi economic development and the global industry in general. 15p., 36f., 28b.   $105
 
10565. ARABS AND AMERICAN MEDIA COVERAGE. Investigates the US medias coverage and portrayal of Arab issues and Arab persons. Considers media bias (and reasons behind the bias) in coverage of the Arab-Israeli conflict, with particular focus on the Infitada, or uprising in the Gaza. 11p., 41f., 27b.   $77
 
10557. LANGUAGE AS A SOCIAL FORCE: EDWARD W. SAID'S ORIENTALISM. The paper discusses how Said uses Foucault's conception that language is an interpretive and social force to critique Western scholarship as creating a self-serving misrepresentation of the Orient which justifies cultural and economic imperialism. 14p., 50f., 1b.   $98
 
10550. MOHAMMAD REZA PAHLAVI: A PSYCHOBIOGRAPHY OF THE SHAH OF IRAN. Making the case that it was primarily the character of the Shah which led to his downfall, this paper discusses his childhood environment, his plans for Iran, his character and public policy, and political events of his period. 16 pages, 25 footnotes in text, 10 bibliographic sources.   $112
 
10527. GOYA AND THE SPANISH TRADITION. Considers whether the painter was an iconoclast or a bearer of the mainstream Spanish tradition in art. His political views and diversity of styles are finally held to be characteristically Spanish. 10p., 14f., 6b.   $70
 
10473. A REVIEW OF "THE ROAD TO MECCA" BY MUHAMMAD ASAD. Summary and review of this autobiography which tells the story of a European's conversion to Islam and his integration into Muslim life. Includes a discussion of Islamic themes found in the book. 6p., 7f., 1b.   $42
 
10468. THE ISRAELI-ARAB CONFLICT: RENEWED PROSPECTS FOR A HOLY WAR. Assesses the move towards Islamic fundamentalism among Arab citizens of Israel and the Palestinian Arabs in the occupied territories. Following a review of the Islamic fundamentalist position within the context of the Israeli-Arab conflict, the paper traces the rise of fundamentalist groups-- particularly Hamas --in the occupied territories. Looking at the Arab minority population within Israel, the analysis considers factors in Jewish-Islamic relations which have helped to encourage the development of fundamentalist sympathies. The paper concludes with assessment of rising Islamic fundamentalism in light of the current peace process. 15p., 37f., 34b.   $105
 
10464. "THE ROAD TO MECCA" BY MUHAMMAD ASAD. A European discovers Islam and relates his experiences. The paper suggests Asad also wishes to correct misinformed and biased Western accounts of Islam. Asad is seen to emphasize the integration of spirituality into everyday life so lacking in Western culture. 6p., 10f., 1b.   $42
 
10463. REVIEW OF "THE DISINHERITED" BY FAWAZ TURKI. A Palestinian describes his experiences and the Palestinian cause. The review suggests Turki's story provides valuable examples of constructive uses of alienation. 6p., 5f., 1b.   $42
 
10380. IRAQ UNDER SADDAM HUSSEIN. An analysis of Hussein's leadership in the Baathist Party in Iraq from 1968 to the present. Examination of his role in the Gulf War and a discussion of his failure to develop broad-based Arab support despite his popularity among the people of Iraq. 12p., 16f., 37b.   $84
 
10375. ISRAEL'S ROLE IN THE GULF WAR KUWAIT CRISIS. Israel's decision to refrain from retaliation against Iraqi missile attacks in the 1991 war is analyzed. Israel is said to have made an obvious choice since it had nothing to gain and everything to lose by attacking. 10p., 15f., 12b.   $70
 
10372. ISLAM AND POLITICS. A study of the "Islamic resurgence" in the Middle East, its connection with Arab politics, its influence on Arab-Western relations, and its effect on Western perceptions of Islamic peoples. Traces the history of Islamic institutions in the Arab Middle East, explores the reasons behind the recent Islamic resurgence, distinguishes between Sunni Islam and the special case of Iran, and analyzes the political aspects of Islamic movements. Argues against the popular Western notion that all Islamic movements are off-shoots of the Iranian Revolution and its predispostion for rule by fire and sword. 45p. 41f. 14b.   $133
 
10371. ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM AND MODERNISM. The opposing movements of Islamic fundamentalism and modernism are seen as two sides of the same religious tendency. The question of whether or not Islamic reform and revival are basically opposed to the political processes of western democracy is discussed. 9p., 10f., 4b.   $63
 
10361. THE GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL. Looks at the six-member coalition of pro-Western Gulf states. The GCC's role in the Iran-Iraq and Kuwait wars is assessed, and the importance of environmental and assistance programs for its political effectiveness noted. 10 pages, 15 footnotes in text, 11 bibliographic sources.   $70
 
10321. EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION. Following a brief discussion of the importance of employee performance appraisals and their central objectives, the paper discusses some of the major problems with traditional approaches and presents alternative strategies to improving the process. 5p., 16f., 10b.   $35
 
10320. THE UN POSITION ON IRAQ'S INVASION OF KUWAIT. Chronicles and discusses the U.N. position on Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Traces pertinent U.N. Security Council Resolutions, beginning with Resolution 660 (August 2, 1990), and continuing through Resolution 678 (November 29, 1990) which sanctioned multilateral military action. 6p., 15f., 13b.   $42