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19D. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

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13229. (UN)COORDINATION IN INTERNATIONAL HEALTH POLICIES & PROGRAMS. This research paper addresses an issue which is widely perceived to be at the crux of the "crisis" in international health - the lack of coordination between external agencies and the policy conflict over the priorities and purposes of international health cooperation. It is argued that as the World Bank has increasingly taken the leadership role in international health policy, the defacto mandate for global cooperation in health has shifted from the World Health Organization's mandate of "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible levels of health" to the economic development agenda of the World Bank. At the same time, the forces of globalization and their impact on the health of developing and newly industrializing countries has led a number of analysts to advocate a re-focusing of the mandate on the principles of social justice. KEYWORDS: health economic development international agencies world health organization argumentative essay term paper. 8p., 15f., 7b.   $56
 
13176. COLD WAR CONTAINMENT: KOREA AND VIETNAM. The role of geopolitical strategy and the containment doctrine on U.S. prosecution of the two wars is examined. The wars are seen as "losing battles" in a longer, larger global struggle against communist, with eventual U.S. victory only coming in the 1980s. 10p., 11f., 6b.   $70
 
13166. STRATEGIC, TACTICAL, AND GEOPOLITICAL BACKGROUND OF WORLD WAR II. The strategic, tactical and geopolitical developments leading to global war are examined. The role of advance planning, new weaponry and logistics, and fascist imperial ambitions in creating a global, multi-front conflict between Axis and Allies is detailed. 9p.,10f., 5b.   $63
 
13164. EVENTS LEADING TO WORLD WAR I. Incisive analysis of the developments precipitating the Great War. Offensive military doctrines, arms buildups, decline of Eastern empires, and a system of treaties binding the Great Powers to mutual defense all seen as playing important roles. The role of new military technology and defensive stalemate is emphasized. 10., 15f., 6b.   $70
 
13149. UNCONVENTIONAL CONFLICTS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW. Efforts to regulate resistance groups without conferring rights on terrorists. Argues that terrorism is never legitimate and that guerrillas and others must play by the rules to maintain their legal status. Urges more international cooperation in dealing with the issue, and considers the idea of creating deterrence through threat of military retaliation. 9p., 34f., 10b.   $63
 
13125. THE EVOLUTION OF A NEW INTERNATIONAL ORDER: THE CHANGING NORMS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW. Drawing on Kaplan & Katzenbach's (1959) analysis of the norms of international law appropriate for the now-defunct bipolar system, Carr's (1942) analysis of the crisis of the interwar period, and contemporary analysts' (Drucker, 1997; Fukuyama, 1995; Gottlieb, 1993; Huntington, 1991, 1993; Ikenberry, 1996; Mathews, 1997) reflections on the breakdown in bipolarity, this paper considers expected changes in the norms of international behavior as a result of the breakdown of the bipolar system with special focus on the how the experience of the interwar period might cast any light on likely future developments. 10p., 43f., 9b.   $70
 
13124. HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW. This report traces the growing tension between the norms of sovereignty in international law and the claims for self-determination and concern for human rights; considers whether the accommodation of human rights under international law presents an insoluble problem; and deliberates whether the activities of governments in wartime should be subject to different human rights standards than governments' activities in peacetime. 13p., 31f., 7b.   $91
 
13123. SUPRA-NATIONALITY AND THE DECLINE OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY: THE CASE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU). This paper examines the EU as a case of globalization. It is argued that both favorable and adverse consequences of globalization can be discerned within the inherent conflict between the state sovereignty of the EU members and the emerging supra-national sovereignty of the EU polity. As background to this analysis, the first part of the paper examines general trends and indications in the decline of state sovereignty which have occurred in tandem with the advance of globalization. A second part examines the history and central features of the EU supranational structure. A third part looks directly at some of the major elements of conflict between EU sovereignty and European state sovereignty. Part four looks briefly at the international implications of the emergence of EU supranational sovereignty. 16p., 54f., 23b.   $112
 
13096. DIPLOMACY AS AN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS. Describes diplomacy as a form of "management," in which negotiations play a vital role. Argues that diplomats need to be adaptable to their current place and time, but they also need to make use of the accumulated experience and techniques of the diplomatic tradition. 10p. 37f. 8b.   $70
 
13079. THE INFLUENCE OF THE ARAB OIL POWERS ON THE ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT. Thorough summary of Mideast conflicts, written from perspective of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, using Kissingerian 'realist' analysis in plain language. Begins with "structural analysis" of S.A. and Kuwait, Israel, and U.S., contrasting small populations and relatively (except for oil) poor resource endowment Arabs with small population & size of Israel, yet Israel's great power from her close social/political connection with Western powers & participation in modern economy. Good summary of Mideast wars & attitudes since 1947, with detailed history of the two episodes when Arab oil powers did strongly influence events: the 1973-4 war and oil embargo, and the 1990-91 Gulf War and subsequent American sponsorship of the Madrid Process, which led to the Oslo process, which ruled through 1997 (and until the next war?) Provocative conclusion presents the three conditions which history shows are necessary for "significant progress on the Palestinian issue" to occur, and why S. A. and Kuwait are currently in weak position. 23p., 31b., 65f.   $133
 
13031. SOVEREIGNTY: CHANGING NORMS IN A NEW WORLD ORDER. This report examines and analyzes the changing conceptions of sovereignty in the post-Cold War world and in the context of the gradual emergence of a new international system. The analysis begins with a definition, overview and history of sovereignty. Included in this section is a discussion of the inherent conflict between sovereignty and self-determination. The remainder of the paper examines more recent and emerging changes to the norms of sovereignty and then attempts to make predictions about the role and shape of sovereignty in the post-Cold War international order. 15p. 42f., 17b.,   $105
 
12747. INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE VIETNAM WAR, 1945-1975. Well-structured summary of this very large field, emphasizing the post World War II and Cold War situations, from which the American phase of the Vietnamese Wars (1963-73) was simply a continuation of previous American policies, such as 1950 NSC documents and paying for the last years of the French phase of the war. Also highlights the American effort to bring in allies for its phase, and how post-1975 situation actually disproved the "domino theory" of Cold War thinking. 7p. 5b. 15f.   $49
 
12744. THE VIETNAMESE STRUGGLE FOR LIBERATION. Focuses on how this struggle had an impact on the other states of the Indonesian region. Considers Ho Chi Minh's efforts to promote communism in the region, as well as how the Vietnam situation provided an inspiring example to revolutionary leaders in Laos, Cambodia and Thailand. 6p., 19f., 7b.   $42
 
12727. UNCONVENTIONAL CONFLICTS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW. Efforts to regulate resistance groups without conferring rights on terrorists. Argues that terrorism is never legitimate and that guerrillas and others must play by the rules to maintain their legal status. Urges more international cooperation in dealing with the issue, and considers the idea of creating deterrence through threat of military retaliation. 9p. 34f. 10b.   $63
 
12726. THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE SECURITY COUNCIL. This paper provides a summary review and analysis of the United Nations with particular focus on the UN Security council. The analysis begins with a definition of terms and a brief overview of the UN organization and purpose. The main part of the analysis focuses on the composition, function, objectives, and actions of the UN Security Council. The analysis includes a discussion of the two full-scale UN military enforcement actions - Korea in 1950 and Iraq/Kuwait in 1990-91 - and concluding comments on the relevance of the Security Council within the international system of the late 20th century. 19p. 29f. 17b.   $133
 
12725. THE UNITED NATIONS. A look at various ways in which the organization has been successful in maintaining peace and security among nations. Also considers the U.N.'s various institutional problems, such as controversies over the composition of the Security Council, the power to veto, and financial concerns. 6p. 12f. 5b.   $42
 
12724. NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA. This paper explores and analyzes nuclear proliferation in the post-Cold War era. The investigation is limited to an overview of the problem (versus a search for solutions), with a close focus on what analysts consider to be among the key issues: disarmament and the reversal of bilateral nuclear competition between the world's two biggest nuclear powers (the United States and Russia), deliberate proliferation by rogue states and undeclared nuclear powers, and proliferation stemming from "nuclear leakage" out of the former Soviet Union. 23p. 54f. 33b.   $133
 
12723. CURRENT QUESTIONS ON THE STATUS OF JERUSALEM. An even-handed summary of the modern history of the most knotty problem at the heart of the Mid-East tangle: two communities with very strong social/religious/political reasons to claim the same city as their capital. Begins with good summary of the 20th Century political history of Jerusalem, positions of the two communities, detailed summary of peace-making 1967-97 making clear positions of Israel, Palestinians, United States and United Nations. Concludes with examination of many high-minded (but highly improbable) proposals for peace, worries that "there is no settlement to the problem of Jerusalem which will satisfy both sides." 14p. 17b. 34f.   $98
 
12719. MOYNIHAN'S PANDEMONIUM. Concise summary and review of Sen. Daniel P. Moynihan's attempt to place ethnic theory (and himself as a leading ethnic theorist) at the center of international relations theory. Covers Moynihan's argument why ethnic theory has been neglected in 20th Century political science, Moynihan's record in coming as close as anyone to predicting break-up of the USSR, Moynihan's critique of "self-determination" and his criticism of Woodrow Wilson and FDR for adopting it as international principle, Moynihan's evocation of a 'golden age' of ethnic harmony in 19th Cent. Austro-Hungarian empire, and his cautious and non-prescriptive conclusion. Conclusion thanks Moynihan for raising questions, but finds few pointers for future. 10p. 1b 19f.   $70
 
12681. ROOTS OF THE COLD WAR. This paper traces the roots of the superpower struggle to World War II. U.S. containment and deterrence policies are discussed, as well as confrontations between the superpowers and reasons why World War III never happened. 5p, 17f. 6b.   $35
 
12662. MARSHALL PLAN & EUROPEAN RECOVERY. Summary of what the Marshall Plan was, focusing on statistics of how it aided European progress. Includes background to and development of the Plan, implementation and institutional structures, use of the Plan to create and strengthen institutions of national economic planning and regulation on Keynesian models, the wide-ranging scope of activities financed and promoted, promotion of person-to-person links within various industries, resistance to special interests and protection requests from the U.S. Congress, use of Marshall Plan funds for CIA and covert political activities, statistics on European GNP and investment growth showing how the Marshall Plan coincided with significant increases. Conclusion stresses Marshall Plan as perhaps the greatest act of altruism in human history. 10p., 22f., 6b. 2 additional pages containing 3 statistics tables.   $70
 
12651. ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EFFECTS OF NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT. Solid, balanced overview of this contentious area finds that both the pessimistic and optimistic predictions have come true. Includes 3p. summary of NAFTA treaty terms and 1p. of positive and negative predictions made before passage in 1993. Covers the causes and effects of the peso crisis of Dec. 1994 and its relation to NAFTA, the emergence of an industrial demographic boom on the Mexican border, statistics on growth, employment, trade, etc., Asian firms strong entry into maquiladora manufacturing, social conditions on the nuevo frontera, labor conditions inside the maquiladoras, effects in Canada, question of job losses and wage restraint in America. Balanced conclusion names winners and losers from free trade. 12p., 25f., 17b.   $84
 
12642. NUREMBURG & OTHER WAR CRIMES TRIALS. Good basic summary of these trials, placing them in the context of new legal principles created to in an attempt to raise the standards of human behavior. Includes history of war crimes in international law, wartime discussions of how to proceed with Nazi and Axis leaders, structures and basic summary of the 1945-7 trial of 22 Nazi leaders, legal issues raised in this trial, the Tokyo trial of Japanese leaders 1946-8, additional trials by international tribunals in Europe and Asia, additional trials by national courts in Europe and Asia, subsequent history of trials of WWII criminals, evidence that these trials did establish a precedent that will be applied to all nations in the future. 11p., 22f., 8b.   $77
 
12557. IMPERIALISM AND COLONIALISM IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. Answers questions about Marxist and other theories of imperialism and neo-imperialism, and 'what you would do to address North-South inequality if you had God-like powers?' Provides competent summary of Hobson, Lenin, and the many various mechanisms proposed for neo-imperialism. Criticizes these theorists for not paying enough attention to political motives of power projection and control. Uses God-like powers to propose an equal distribution of physical and human resources in the past, so that modernizations and industrializations would be more evenly spread. There would still be imperialisms and oppressions in human history, but at least these wouldn't be so European. 8p., 10f., 1b.   $56
 
12555. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE WORK OF MARGARET AND HAROLD SPROUT. Closely-argued summary of this lesser-known but highly stimulating political science theory. Includes previous environmental in political science, summary of the theories of the Sprouts and how they work to provide broad and deep explanations of human political behavior from the individual level to the global. theory applied to Saddam Hussein's invasions of Iran and Kuwait, focusing on the crucial difference between perception and objective reality. 7p., 7 notes in text, 1b.   $49
 
12554. REALIST THEORY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. Knowledgeable summary of this fundamental school of political science though and its relevance to the 1990's. Historical and recent exponents of realism, four general principles of realism explained. That the behavior of states is the proper subject of the science of international relations and the assumption of liberty of sovereign states are found to be strongly-grounded postulates, the theory that international relations is about the exercise of power is also supported, but the idea that states cannot be judged by ordinary morality is found understandable but questionable, and these ideas are as valid in the 1990's as ever. 8p., 8 notes in text, 1b.   $56
 
12553. SAUDI ARABIAN POLICY TOWARDS REFUGEES. Examines Saudi foreign policy on refugees from the larger perspective of overall Saudi foreign policy concerns. In an attempt to understand and identify Saudi refugee policy (given that formal policy is nonexistent), the investigation gathers evidence from four main areas: policy on political asylum, Saudi role in the Gulf War refugee situation, Saudi policy on foreign workers, and the Saudi record on human rights. 19p., 35f., 26b.   $133
 
12552. NUCLEAR DETERRENCE: THE COLD WAR AND THE NEXT WAR. Excellent summary of this complex corner of poli sci/international relations theory. Includes the unique circumstances of the "cold war" of 1946-91, deterrence as an extreme case of balance of power theory, principles of deterrence, wisdom of deterrence, possibility of a new cold war with China, problem of applying deterrence to "irrational" terrorists who may obtain nuclear weapons, the continuing value of being prepared for unforseeable circumstances. 7p., 9 notes in text, 2b.   $49
 
12551. THE FUTURE OF NATIONALISM. Concise answer to popular myth that the nation-state might be "disappearing" as international cooperation and trade treaties expand. Argues that there are strong pressures for cooperation and multilateralism, and these may even be "good," but this does not translate to the disappearance of the state. Includes study of integration in Europe, 7 functional processes and 4 predisposing conditions of integration, how Europe, NATO and others meet these definitions, questions of allegiance and identification in old and new states, continuing validity of the nation as a category and its dominance of legal status of international relations arena. 5p. 2b. 5 notes in text.   $35
 
12550. DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE PERSIAN GULF WAR. How the war and its leaders were conceptualized by U.S. politicians and the media. Discusses how Saddam was depicted as an evil "power mad bully," while Bush was depicted as a benevolent protector. Also discusses other concepts related to the war such as the "Vietnam stigma" and the "new world order." 24p., 75f., 12b.   $133
 
12548. IMPERIALISM VERSUS IMPERIALISM: THE SINO-SOVIET CONFLICT AND POLITICAL SCIENCE THEORY. Complete, well-written survey of this crucial yet often overlooked aspect of late 20th Century world history. Covers from 1949 to 1981, including early signals of conflict, and the slow evolution from "esoteric" arguments couched in abstract Marxist theory (after 1956) to name-calling behind closed doors (after 1960) to public name-calling and border clashes of regular troops and solicitation of America's support (after 1969), the complications of the Vietnam war and Kissinger's diplomacy, and finally the all-out "proxy war" involving Cambodia, Vietnam, and China's invasion of Vietnam 1979-81. conclusion emphasizes the lack of popular participation, the small rewards gained by both sides, Mao's lack of cunning and vision in his strategies and tactics, the inabilities of classic theories of imperialism to explain this history, and how this sorry tale of useless imperial greed can be reconciled with realist and environmentalist political science theories. 25p. 15b. 70f. SEE ALSO SECTION 19D.   $133
 
12547. THEORY OF REFUGEE PRODUCTION. Summarizes the theories of refugee production, which emphasize the role of the nation-state (versus other push-pull factors) in creating refugees, and applies it recent refugee situations in Europe (former Yugoslavia) and Africa. 7p., 31f., 9b.   $49
 
12537. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR: VIEW FROM THE KENNAN AND NOVIKOV 'LONG TELEGRAMS.' Compares and contrasts the two telegrams as documents illuminating the origins of the Cold War. Considers the role played by ideological paradigms in shaping each author's analysis; the accuracy of each document's portrayal of the rival power's capabilities, vulnerabilities, motivations and intentions; the extent to which each author's sense of audience shaped the style and content of his message; and the policy implications and/or recommendations of each document. 10p., 31f., 7b.   $70
 
12437. THE EUROPEAN UNION (EU) AND THE GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL (GCC). This paper compares and contrasts the history, development, organizational structure and function, and successes/failures of the EU and GCC. Basis of similarity include an attempt to secure political/defense cooperation through the mechanism of economic integration, while primary differences include profound contrasts in member structure, organizational design, and environmental (especially defense) considerations. Includes an organizational chart for each group. 18p., 39f., 27b.   $126
 
12435. DIPLOMACY AS A MULTINATIONAL BUSINESS. Discusses and analyzes the proposition that diplomacy is a multinational business. Draws parallels between the globilization of the business operating environment and the environment of the diplomat. Considers the similarities in strategies and objectives. 9p., 19f., 15b.   $63
 
12432. THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the International Monetary Fund. The analysis traces the IMF's history, development, aims and objectives, main activities and organizational structure. The analysis traces how the IMF has evolved in response to a changing economic environment and considers its effectiveness and likely future directions. 11p., 45f., 30b.   $77
 
12425. REFORMING THE IMF: STRENGTHENING THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND RE-ORIENTING CONDITIONALITY. This paper provides a review and analysis of the current issues and proposals on IMF reform. Arguing that the primary functions of the IMF as it has evolved through the past twenty-five years are surveillance and lending, the investigation takes a close focus on reforms to IMF conditionality. Examines the IMF's historical and evolving policies of conditionality, the empirical evidence on the impact of these policies, and the current proposals for altering the terms of conditionality. Also briefly considers current proposals to re-establish the IMF's primary function as an exchange-rate manager and, in more detail, proposals for institutional and legal reform which might provide a stronger foundation for IMF lending and structural adjustment programs. Concludes with recommendations for reform, with particular application to IMF conditionality. 18p., 54f., 38f.   $126
 
12417. ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION AND THE US ECONOMY. Analyzes the impact of illegal immigration on the US economy. Concludes that the overall net economic effect of illegal immigration is positive, but notes that the distribution of the costs and benefits of illegal immigration is unequal, with certain employer segments and skilled native workers deriving the bulk of the benefits, and legal immigrants and (to a lesser extent) unskilled native workers absorbing the bulk of the costs. Also notes that the states absorb more costs than the federal government. 24p., 49f., 27b.   $133
 
12414. IMMIGRANT SMUGGLING. Discusses the factors motivation illegal immigration into the U.S., as well as the differences between Mexican "coyotes" and Chinese "snakeheads." Also covers efforts by U.S. authorities to stop immigrant smuggling. Includes outline. 11p., 42f., 11b.   $77
 
12299. THE EUROPEAN UNION: MOVING TOWARD INTEGRATION. This brief paper assesses progress on the European Union, commenting on its impact, and noting the major problems and issues (e.g., monetary union, political union) which need to be addressed before Maastricht acts on its full promise. 7p., 32f., 17b.   $49
 
12298. NAFTA: A PROGRESS REPORT. Brief overview and assessment of the successes, impact, problems, and issues in the North American Free Trade Agreement two years after it implementation. Argues that the overall impact, while still too early to clearly measure, has been positive, and that apparent indications of the U.S. NAFTA-related trade losses are grossly overstated and related to the Mexican financial crisis. 7p., 29f., 15b.   $49
 
12288. THE SINGLE MARKET AND THE EU'S ROLE IN WORLD TRADE. This paper considers how the completion (or near-completion) of the Single Market has enhanced the role of the EU in world trade and the global economy. The analysis looks at how the Single Market has accelerated growth in European economies and encouraged the expansion of free trade throughout the world. Considers the EU's enlarged role in subsidizing and encouraging economic development and growth in LDC's and setting international trade standards and regimes. Examines some of the problems which remain to be solved before the EU can fully achieve its single market and complete economic and political integration. 15p., 38f., 22b.   $105
 
12282. FREE TRADE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: INCOMPATIBLE OBJECTIVES. Considers the statement that the objectives of free trade and sustainable development are fundamentally incompatible in the context of European Union external trade policy. Argues that the EU, along with the WTO, United Nations and other international organizations, are moving toward the position that liberalized trade regimes and sustainable development are not incompatible. 10p. 28f., 17b. ,   $70
 
12262. SAUDI ARABIA: A PRESCRIPTION FOR DEFENSE, 1997-2002. This paper seeks to address Saudi Arabia's future defense planning needs through a presentation of a mid-range defense "prescription" covering the period 1997 through 2002. The investigation begins with an analysis of Saudi Arabia's current and short-term future defense needs, looking first at the global, regional, and domestic forces and threats impacting on Saudi Arabia's defense strategy, and then considering the country's current defense strategy and position. the second section of the paper presents the general and specific recommendations for Saudi defense from 1997-2002 based on this analysis. 22p., 101f., 43b.   $133
 
12259. THE THEORY OF HEGEMONIC STABILITY. An examination of the role of hegemonies (dominant nations) in encouraging free trade and creating world stability. It is concluded that there are many flaws in the theory and therefore it is not appropriate for explaining conditions in the United States today. 7 pages, 24 footnotes in text, 5 bibliographic sources.   $49
 
12258. WORLD-SYSTEM AND DISTANCE-DECAY APPROACHES TO GEOPOLITICS. Discusses how these two approaches presume that international politics is "set in its ways." The world-system approach claims that conflict arises because of the exploitations of peripheral nations by core nations. The distance-decay theory is based on the idea that conflict is caused by proximity. It is argues that both approaches contain contradictions, and that both are based on simplistic and inflexible views of the world. \8p., 23f., 5b.   $56
 
12256. HALFORD MACKINDER'S VIEWS ON GEOPOLITICS. Discusses how Mackinder's theory of the "Heartland" was applied to U.S. policies during the Cold War. According to this theory, a threat to world security would arise if Russia gained dominance in central Europe. Although this theory was used to justify U.S. policies of containment. It is argues that is too general and simplistic to adequately explain the Cold War situation in all its complexity. 7p. 24f. 6b.   $49
 
12251. CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS: LEGACIES AND LESSONS FOR THE POST COLD WAR ERA. Through an examination of its legacies and lessons, this paper considers the continued relevance and policy-making implications of the Cuban Missile Crisis in the post Cold War era. While the analysis taken into account recently released information (on both the American and the Soviet side) and discusses many of the particulars and motivations behind the crisis, the objective is to draw lessons from the crisis for today's world, rather than to assign blame or bestow praise on the historical participants. The paper begins with a brief summary overview of the Cold War setting under which the crisis occurred and an outline of the central events (as best as they can be determined) of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Following this, the paper presents a detailed analysis of the major legacies (with a particular focus on U.S. policymaking and lessons of the crisis. 16p., 45f., 16b.   $112
 
12250. WHY THE COLD WAR ENDED. This essay considers the major explanations for why the Cold War ended (e.g., Soviet economic collapse, U.S. military pressure, U.S. diplomatic efforts, Soviet diplomacy, etc.) and then argues that the end of the Cold War is best explained by an economically-motivated shift in Soviet ideology - a shift largely made possible by the leadership and diplomatic skills of a single international actor: Mikhail Gorbachev. 7p., 16f,. 9b.   $49
 
12200. U.S. RESPONSIBILITIES AS A SUPERPOWER IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA. Considers the responsibilities of the U.S. as the world's only remaining Superpower in the post-Cold War era. The analysis begins with a descriptive overview of the foreign policy that the U.S. appears to be adopting in the new era- that of world leadership. Considers two alternative positions, one based on isolationism and the national self-interest, and the other based on the formation of a new bipolarity. The concluding section argues for the adoption of yet a different course for U.S. foreign policy, one which balances the two extremes of international leadership and isolation and is organized around the principles of international diplomacy and economic responsibility. 8p., 15f., 7b.   $56
 
12198. HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS: A REAPPRAISAL OF NEW INFORMATION ON A TIMELESS ISSUE. Drawing upon many recent works as well as a few older "classic" sources, this paper presents an historical analysis of the Cuban Missile Crisis. After a summary overview and analysis of the history of the crisis by incorporating recently revealed new information, the paper discusses some of the key controversies and questions which have plagued (and in some cases, continue to plague) the analysis and understanding of the crisis for more than four decades. 17p., 33f., 14b.   $119
 
12185. SHOULD DIPLOMATS TAKE BUSINESS COURSES. The purpose of this essay is to examine and comments upon the case for including management as a training component in courses for diplomats. It begins with an overview and discussion of the inseparability of politics and economics in the work of both diplomats and managers and then makes the argument that management should definitely be included as a training component in courses for diplomats. The concluding section makes recommendations on specific types of management/business courses which might prove especially useful for the contemporary diplomat. 6p., 12f., 9b.   $42
 
12177. THE RECOGNITION OF GOVERNMENTS. Explains the purpose of recognition and its link with the concept of state sovereignty within the international system. Critically considers the arguments in favor of and against the recognition of governments within this framework. 7p., 11f., 5b.   $49
 
12176. SELF-DETERMINATION AND INTERNATIONAL LAW. The purpose of this paper is to examine critically the various aspects of self-determination under international law. The analysis begins with an historical overview of the development of the concept of self-determination and its place in the context of international law. The investigation then examines contemporary aspects of self-determination dating from the UN resolutions on self-determination made in the early 1960s. Included is an assessment of the status of self-determination as a "right" under international law and consideration of the legal and political problems entailed within the broadbased pursuit of self-determination. 15p., 43f., 7b.   $105
 
12124. THE DECLINE OF SOVEREIGNTY AND ISSUES OF INTERVENTION. This paper examines the decline of the concept of sovereignty, the rise of the doctrine of self-determination among nations and ethnic groups (versus sovereign states), the increasing international recognition of the principles of human rights, and the implications these changes have for the norm of non-intervention in the domestic affairs of sovereign states. 10p., 17f., 7b.   $70
 
12121. COERCIVE DIPLOMACY, COOPERATIVE SECURITY AND THE NEW INTERNATIONAL ORDER. Thoughtful analysis of the conditions which favor the successful application of coercive diplomacy. Cites specific examples of past successful implementation. Argues that profound changes in the international order (e.g., demise of the USSR, globalization of the economy, etc.) have diminished the utility of this method of security. Contends that policymakers should now focus on how cooperative security arrangements can be implemented within the framework of a competitive international economy. 7 pages, 8 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources.   $49
 
12112. INTERNATIONAL LAW AND POLICY IN THE POST-COLD WAR PERIOD. Examines some of the expected changes in the norms of international behavior as a result of the contemporary breakdown in bipolarity. Takes into consideration whether or not the experience of the interwar period (1919-39), which marked the transitional crisis between the former balance of power system and the now-defunct loose bipolar system, casts any light on likely future developments. 10p., 18f., 11b.   $70
 
12111. INTERNATIONAL LAW AND EVOLVING HUMAN RIGHTS. Traces the development of human rights issues in international law. Examines the tension between demands for human rights and demands for non-intervention and the preservation of sovereignty. Considers the extent to which human rights can be accommodated within international law. 11p., 31f., 9b.   $77
 
12078. CHINESE NEGOTIATING STYLE. Examines and assesses the style of Chinese negotiations through an examination of recent U.S.-Chinese commercial and political negotiations. The concluding section addresses the issue of whether or not there is in fact a "unique" Chinese negotiating style or whether the Chinese approach to negotiations can be adequately considered within a more generic or global model of negotiations. 11p., 29f., 14b.   $77
 
12073. CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION. Uses a case analysis approach to examine whether and how knowledge and professional expertise matters in U.N. peacekeeping and peace-building efforts. Analyzes whether rationalist or "reflectivist" assumptions about cooperation and conflict management best explain these efforts. 10p., 15f., 8b.   $70
 
12072. THEORIES OF NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC CONFLICT. Noting the increasingly dominant role of ethnicity and nationalism in post-Cold War conflicts, this analysis looks at what case can be made for an ethnic "primordialism" aroused to action by particular threats as opposed to a view of ethnicity as a "social construction" invented anew under novel circumstances. 11p., 32f., 9b.   $77
 
12068. MICHAEL KLARE'S ROGUE STATES AND NUCLEAR OUTLAWS. Review and critique of the well-known foreign policy analyst's 1995 book tracing the development of U.S. military strategy and foreign policy in the aftermath of the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Favorable assessment of Klare's central thesis that the U.S. is misguided in pursuing its current strategy of "power projection" aimed at Third World "rogue states." 7p., 6f., 1b.   $49
 
12042. IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALISM IN EUROPE. Explores the recent convergence of nationalism and anti-immigration movements in Europe, examining in particular some of the conditions which have contributed to this eruption during the past few years. Cites specific examples from France and Germany. 9p., 17f., 10b.   $63
 
12041. RUSSIA, NATO AND THE NEW 'COLD PEACE': RETHINKING EUROPEAN SECURITY IN THE POST COLD WAR ERA. Taking the perspective of a policy advisor to President Clinton, this paper considers how the relationship between Russia and NATO should be structured in light of recent plans for NATO expansion and Russian participation in peacekeeping activities. Considers which elements of the NATO-Russia relationship should be formally structured and which should be left to informal arrangements. 10p., 35f., 21b.   $70
 
12041A. THE FRAGMENTATION OF EUROPE. Starting from the assumption that the "breakup" of Britain and other European states is no longer as unlikely as it once seemed, this analysis seeks to identify some of the crucial factors that have brought about this state of affairs, looking in particular at the cases of European integration, separatist movements and attendant ethnic/nationalist conflicts, and the pressures of immigration. 9p. 24f. 10b.   $63
 
11984. A NEW REUNIFIED GERMANY AND EAST EUROPE AND THE FORMER SOVIET REPUBLICS. A brief essay which examines issues involved in the complex relationship between the newly unified Germany and the newly democratizing East. Considers Germany's historical obligations, economic interests, and security concerns with Eastern Europe and the former Soviet republics. 5p., 14f., 10b.   $35
 
11980. POLICY EVOLUTION AND CHANGE AT THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. This paper discusses and analyzes how the IMF policies over the past few years represent a departure from the policies of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Following a brief historical overview of changes in the IMF's primary mandate since 1944, the analysis looks at specific recent shifts in policy in terms of credit arrangements, conditionality, and country focus. 14p. 51f. 24b.   $98
 
11966. THE KENNAN AND NOVIKOV TELEGRAMS AND THE BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR. Analyzes the Kennan and Novikov telegrams as key historical documents that helped initiate the Cold War. Written shortly after WWII, these messages analyze the opposition's economic and military capabilities and prepare possible strategies. 14p. 22f. 5b.   $98
 
11906. PRE-EMPTIVE DIPLOMACY IN MIDDLE EASTERN AFFAIRS: THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE UNITED STATES, 1977-94. Thoroughly examines the use of pre-emptive diplomacy in Israeli-Arab wars, the Iran-Iraq War, the U.S.-Kuwait War, and consequent peace conferences with the U.N. 30p. 60f. 55b.   $133
 
11852. COLLECTION OF INTERNATIONAL DEBT: THE ACT OF STATE DOCTRINE AND OTHER PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW. Clearly explains a variety of theories of debt collection in international law, citing numerous precedents. Refers to the Act of State Doctrine, the principle of sovereign immunity, and the principal of international comity. 16p. 39f. 9b.   $112
 
11726. THE FAILURE OF UN INTERVENTION: THE CASE OF SOMALIA. Considers the limitations of UN-mediated efforts at multilateral intervention in the Third World, taking the Somalian case as an example. The analysis considers both the specific components or features of the UN failure, as well as the reasons behind the failure and steps to be taken for more effective future interventions. 11p., 14f., 6b.   $77
 
11724. US VERSUS THEM: THE NORTH'S AGENDA IN NORTH-SOUTH RELATIONS. Considers the "marginalization" of the South through the course of North-South relations. Argues that through both circumstance and intention, the North has systematically placed the less developed South on the periphery of world affairs and world development. Considers the implications of the dismal nature of North-South relations for Southern development and looks at possible remedial steps to change the situation. 10p., 12f., 3b.   $70
 
11720. PEOPLE-CENTERED DEVELOPMENT AND THE ISSUE OF SELF-RELIANCE VERSUS NORTH-SOUTH COOPERATION. An essay which looks at the issue of Southern (Third World) self-reliance versus North-South cooperation in the achievement of people-centered development in the South. Compares the position of the South Commission (as presented in The Challenge to the South) with selected contrasting and concurring positions presented in Facing the Challenge. 10p., 18f., 6b.   $70
 
11702. THE PALESTINIAN-ISRAELI CONFLICT IN THE 1990S: END-GAME OR ENDLESS WAR? The paper provides an overview of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, summarizing its evolution and the central issues of land and religion, discussing the role and position of both parties during the 1967, 1973 and 1978 conflicts, the evolution of the Intifada during the 1980s, and then focusing on the state of the conflict during the 1990s. Considers whether the post-Oslo negotiations are likely to lead to lasting peace or whether it is reasonable to expect future armed struggles between the two groups. 19p., 40f., 39b.   $133
 
11692. CRIMEA: FLASHPOINT IN RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN RELATIONS. Examines the Russian-Ukrainian conflict over Crimea. Using the backdrop of general Russian-Ukrainian relations, major issues in the conflict, including the disposition of the Black Sea Fleet, ethnic conflicts in Crimea, economic turmoil in Ukraine and Crimea, the Crimean move for independence, and Russian designs on CIS hegemony are assessed. 12p., 34f., 23b.   $84
 
11613. THE IRAQI INVASION OF KUWAIT IN INTERNATIONAL THEORY. Thorough analysis of the invasion and war, with summary of events, in terms of realist, neorealist and pluralism schools of political science/international relations and analysis, arguing that Iraq's behavior makes most sense in a pluralism analysis. 21p., 36f., 14b.   $133
 
11605. MARKET ECONOMY AND LIBERAL DEMOCRACY. See Section 19D. 9p. 20f. 5b.   $63
 
11605. MARKET ECONOMY AND LIBERAL DEMOCRACY. Discussion of relationship between markets and democracy, following writers Gray, Lindblom and Polyani; argues against Gray's idea that democracy flows out of property rights, in favor of societal regulation of markets. 9p. 20f. 5b.   $63