European History 1500-1900: Term Paper Section at AcademicTermPapers.com PG. 2

"EUROPEAN HISTORY 1500-1900" Term Paper Section

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"EUROPEAN HISTORY 1500-1900" TERM PAPERS

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10E. EUROPEAN HISTORY 1500-1900

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10518. PARISIAN LIFE IN THE ORLEANIST PERIOD IN FRANCE. Compares the view of Parisian society found in Balzac's Pere Goriot with that of a Moroccan ambassador, Muhammad as-Saffar, who visited Paris in 1845-46. 8p., 10f., 3b.

$56

10485. VERSAILLES UNDER LOUIS XIII AND LOUIS XIV (THE PALACE AND GARDENS OF VERSAILLES). The differing usage of the palace and gardens of Versailles under the Bourbon Kings is explored. Louis XIII's original hunting lodge, Louis XIV grand expansion into the symbol of absolutism, and later attempts to restore the rustic simplicity of the original hunting grounds are noted for social and political significance. 18 pages, 21 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources.

$126

10459. WHAT WAS THE INFLUENCE OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION ON BRITAIN? Good basic historical overview of political, economic and literary influences of the French Revolution on her neighbor and rival. Covers how the Revolution gave prominence to British reformers and radicals, the "war of pamphlets" led by Burke and Paine, the Scottish conversions of reformers and their arrests and trials, the conservative backlash, the economic effects of the Revolution, the effect of the Revolution on prominent poets and novelists. finds that while the radicals of the 1790's were repressed in their time, in the long run they "seeded” the successful reform movements of the next century. 11 pages, 28 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources.

$77

10431. KINGSHIP AND RELIGION-ORIGINS AND NATURE OF THEIR ASSOCIATION. Ancient Middle Eastern and Greco-Roman views of kingship and its sacred component are described, and the evolution of the theory of divine rights of kings during the period of nationalism and absolutism in 15th-17th Century Europe is reviewed. 14p., 19f., 10b.

$98

10421. THE CHALLENGES TO MONARCHIAL ABSOLUTISM IN EARLY MODERN GERMANY. Social and cultural challenges to the dominate monarchial absolutism in Germany in 1775 to 1875 are examined. Romanticism, socialism, emancipation of women and the Jewish cultural intelligentsia's liberalism are assessed. 8p. 16f. 5b.

$56

10421. CHALLENGES TO MONARCHIAL ABSOLUTISM IN GERMANY. See Section 10E. 8p. 16f. 5b.

$56

10395. DEMOCRATIZATION OF BRITAIN'S PARLIAMENT, 1832-1918. A survey of the electoral reforms and the political figures behind them, from the first Reform Bill of 1832 to Women's Suffrage in 1918. Disraeli, Gladstone, Peel and Salisbury's roles are discussed. 20p., 17f., 11b.

$133

10352. MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE. Four different historian's views of Robespierre and his role in the French Revolution are compared. The exaggerated views of the man as hero and villain of the Terror are dismissed. 7p., 9f., 4b.

$49

10319. MICHELANGELO AND RAPHAEL. A comparison of the two greatest artists of the Italian High Renaissance in terms of character, work and influence. 6p. 12f. 4b.

$42

10268. GARIBALDI AND THE RISORGIMENTO. The focus of this paper is on the Risorgimento's "man of action," Giuseppe Garibaldi. The first part of this investigation explores the factors which led to Garibaldi's invovlement in the Risorgimento. The influence of Mazzini and Garibaldi's military "seasoning" in South America are among the most significant factors to be explored. The second part of the paper takes a closer look at Garibaldi's actual role in the Risorgimento. His strength as a military leader -- as illustrated by specific campaigns such as the Defense of Rome and the "assault of the thousand" in Sicily -- and his tenuous relationship with the philosophical and political architects of the movement -- Mazzini and Cavour -- are explored in detail. 20p., 47f., 15b.

$133

10266. THE CULT OF RATIONALISM. The exaggerated respect for rationalism during the European enlightenment of the 17th and 18th century is studied. 8p. 13f. 8b.

$56

10078. DANIEL DEFOE'S "JOURNAL OF THE PLAGUE YEAR." A look at Daniel Defoe's realistic descriptions of the bubonic plague and its social and economic effects in London in 1666. 8 pages, 19 footnotes in text, 7 bibliographic sources.

$56

09976. PLANS FOR UNIFICATION UNDER NAPOLEON AND HITLER. An analysis of Napoleon's and Hitler's plans for European unification. Compares and contrasts the two leaders' political and personal motivations and considers the extent to which each succeeded in meeting their objectives. 8p. 8f. 8b.

$56

09975. BRITISH AND FRENCH NATIONALISM: AN HISTORICAL COMPARISON. An in-depth historical analysis of French and British nationalism, arguing that British nationalism was an indigenous, insular phenomenon in comparison to the continental, international conception of the nation in France. Considers the subject during three periods: the rise of nationalism in the Renaissance, the expansion and development of Empire, and the changing role of nationalism in the modern era. 31p., 42f., 18b.

$133

09970. ENCLOSURE, RURAL ECONOMICS AND INDUSTRALIZATION IN ENGLAND. This paper examines the economic and social impact of the enclosure of open fields and commons in rural England in the 16th to 19th centuries. Opposition and protest are noted, and enclosure’s role in rural ‘proto-industrialization’ is considered. Keywords: land economics rural 1500-1800 English. 10 pages; 27 footnotes; 13 bibliographic sources.

$70

09853. "TO DANCE WITH KINGS" BY ROSALIND LAKER. A review of the British author's period novel about life at the French court of Versailles, as seen from the viewpoint of a family that rises from poverty to aristocracy in four generations. 9p., 8f., 1b.

$63

09839. IVAN THE TERRIBLE. Examines the life and deeds of Ivan the IV, Grand Duke of Muscovy and the first Tsar of Russia. His early accomplishments and victories, and his later madness and cruelty, are briefly chronicled. 9p., 13f., 5b.

$63

09806. EVOLUTION AND HISTORY OF SERFDOM IN RUSSIA. Analyzes the economic, agricultural and political factors involved in the development and establishment of serfdom in Russia under the reign of Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV). 11p., 13f., 6b.

$77

09801. FUNERAL RITES OF VICTORIA AND NAPOLEON. A comparison of the funeral rites of Napoleon I of France and Queen Victoria of England: notes Napoleon's two funerals, and sees Victoria's funeral as the culmination of Britain's imperial power in the 19th century. 18p. 28f. 10b.

$126

09735. CAUSES OF THE BRITISH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. The causes of England's lead in the Industrial Revolution are examined: domestic factors such as coal production, labor force and native invention are seen as less important than the drive for foreign trade, and the promotion of science, technology, and industry by the government. 16p. + 1 table, 15f., 8b.

$112

09586. THE ROLE OF RELIGION IN POLITICS IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE. An essay which argues that between 1570 and 1648, the political struggle between the great nation-states of Europe was largely defined in religious terms. 6 pages, 10 footnotes in text, 3 bibliographic sources.

$42

09523. GERMANY'S CHANCELLOR BISMARK. Examines the problems that liberalism and nationalism posed for Bismark as the proponent of German unity and militarism. 5p., 8f., 2b.

$35

09463. THE EVOLUTION OF THE POLICE FORCE IN ENGLAND. A history of the reform movements that led to the establishment of the London police force in 1829. The origins of the medieval system of constables and watchmen are reviewed, and the spread of the London system to the rest of England in the later 19th Century is detailed. 15 pages, 37 footnotes, 14 bibliographic sources.

$105

09336. "THE WORLD OF YESTERDAY" BY STEFAN ZWEIG. Critical analysis of Zweig's autobiography which chronicles his early life as a student and literary figure in turn-of-the-century Vienna. Considers Zweig's vision of the time as an "age of security" and his perceptions of dualism and aesthetics. Concludes with a perspective on the comtemporary implications of Zweig's recollections. 12 pages, 11 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source.

$84

09318. TECHNOLOGY: 16TH CENTURY EUROPE VERSUS 16TH CENTURY CHINA. A brief examination of the comparative stages of technological development in China and Europe during the 16th Century. Argues that Europe's political, economic and philosophic structures better supported the advancement of technology. 5 pages, 6 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources.

$35

09160B. PHILIP II BY GEOFFREY PARKER. Favorable review of Parker's highly personal and readable account of the Spanish king's life. 7p. 12f. lb.

$49

09160A. THE DECLINE OF SPAIN IN THE L7TH CENTURY. Consider the obvious causes of the Spanish decline in the l7th century and relates them to the theories of contemporary historians. 5p. 6f. 3b.

$35

08927. NAPOLEON III. A brief exploration of Louis Napoleon's rise to power, his record as a leader and history's judgment of his effectiveness. 6p. 8f. 9b.

$42

08926. RESISTANCE AND THE CONQUISTADORS. Examines the reasons why Indian civilizations in America were so quickly overcome by small groups of Spanish conquistadors. Concludes that the Spanish prevailed by using deception, betrayal and brute force. 10 pages, 10 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources.

$70

08805. THE RENAISSANCE: PERIOD OF GREATEST ACHIEVEMENT IN THE HUMANITIES. Considers achievements in the arts, literature, and philosophy during the Renaissance period. 6 pages, 4 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources.

$42

08740. FOREIGN MERCENARIES AND THE CONDOTTIERI SYSTEM OF RENAISSANCE. This paper explores the rise and fall of the condottiere system in Renaissance Italy, explaining how the use of foreign mercenaries both served the interest of the peninsular states and cities, and ultimately aggravated the prevailing disunity of Italy overall. Argues that while the condottiere system saved the Italians from many of the economic and social hardships of actually fighting the wars themselves, the model of mercenary service eventually provided harmful when later adopted by Italians themselves who sold themselves to foreign princes. 16 pages, 35 footnotes in text, 11 bibliographic sources.

$112

08729. EMERGENCE OF CAPITALISM IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE. This paper explores the reasons why capitalism emerged in early modern Europe. Argues that social, economic and technological factors converged to make the emergence of capitalism possible. Specific factors cited in the rise of capitalism include the development of seaborne commodity trade, the profits from slave-based agriculture, the rise of Protestantism and its work ethic, and the development of specific technologies, especially the steam engine. 10 pages, 9 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources.

$70

08683. FERNAND BRAUDEL'S "STRUCTURES OF EVERYDAY LIFE" (DAILY LIFE IN EUROPE IN THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURY. A brief look at the food, drink, dress and work of ordinary people in the 17th and 18th centuries. 4 pages, 5 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source.

$28

08681. GROWING OLD UNGRACEFULLY: THE COMMERCIAL DECLINE OF VENICE DURING THE 15TH-17TH CENTURIES. Discusses the multiplicity of factors which led to the commercial, social, and economic decline of Venice. Among the factors included are increasing protectionism, currency devaluation, trade wars, skyrocketing insurance costs, sanitation problems and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, soaring public debt, trade deficits, and the financial burden of military excursions. 10p. 21f. 7b.

$70

08659. DAILY LIFE IN THE MIDDLE AGES. This termpaper focuses on the themes of monotony, poverty, and lack of comfort present in everyday European life in the Middle Ages as evidenced in Jacques Braudel's book "Structures of Everyday Life". 5 pages, 0 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source.

$35

08658. MEAT PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION IN THE MIDDLE AGES. Drawing upon Braudel's Structures of Everyday Life, this essay briefly discusses the increases and decreases in meat production and consumption during this time and analyzes different consumption patterns among different geographical regions. 5p. 3f. 1b.

$35

08655. EVERYDAY LIFE IN THE MIDDLE AGES. Basic themes found in Braudel's Structures of Everyday Life are examined. Monotony, the absence of simple amenities, and the use of luxuries as a reaction against harsh realities of the time are examined. 3p. 3f. 1b.

$21

08516. REASONS BEHIND THE EUROPEAN CONQUEST IN THE MIDDLE AGES. Examines and analyzes the main reasons for European domination and colonization of African, American, and Asian cultures as put forth by Braudel in his Structures of Everyday Life. 5p. 9f. 1b.

$35

08373. SOCIAL CONFLICT IN PRE-REFORMATION GERMANY. Discusses the social conflicts and divisions and changing economic conditions in Germany on the eve of the Reformation. Various grievances of the townspeople, the nobility and the peasantry are discussed. 10p.

$70

08370. THE GREAT RAPPROCHEMENT: ENGLAND AND THE UNITED STATES, 1895-1914 BY BRADFORD PERKINS. Synopsis and critical analysis of Perkins' work which examines the reasons behind the shift in American-British political relations at the end of the 19th century. 5p. 1b.

$35

08369. MANIFESTATIONS OF DISCONTENT IN GERMANY ON THE EVE OF THE REFORMATION BY GERALD STRAUSS. Review of Strauss' work which suggests that the religious upheaval of the Protestant revolt was grounded in widespread social, economic and political grievances. 10p. 14f. 5b.

$70

08266. PROTESTANTISM AND THE SPIRIT OF SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS. 20p. 15f. 9b. See section 21A.

$133

08265. PHILIP II. Examines the merits of two historian's interpretations of Philip II of Spain's character and policies. Concurs with the conventional historical assessment of Philip as a leader bordering on incompetence. 7 pages, 12 footnotes, 3 bibliographic sources.

$56

08206. "SOCIAL ORIGINS OF DICTATORSHIP AND DEMOCRACY" BY BARRINGTON MOORE. Favorable review of Moore's book which argues that in both France and England, capitalist democracy had its origins in the rise of capitalist methods of profit-making and the rationalization of production methods in the agricultural sector. 6 pages, 4 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source.

$42

08170. MACHIAVELLI AND GUICCIARDINI BY FELIX GILBERT. Critical review of Gilbert's view of politics and history in 16th Century Florence. The author argues that Machiavelli developed the concept of State and Guicciardini defined a new role for historians. 5p. 2b.

$35

08100. GIOVANNI FRANCESCO. Interesting discourse on 16th Century Florentine history and Machiavelli in particular, viewed from the perspective of a fictional autobiography of a Florentine nobleman born in 1484. Discusses concepts in Machiavelli's works. 8p. 11f.

$56

08081. EARLY EUROPEAN VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION. A survey of the factors which led to European exploration overseas: improvements in shipbuilding and navigation, a desire for new markets, and the development of nation-states are covered. 6 pages, 7 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources.

$42

08071. THE CRIMEAN WAR. A study of the Crimean War which covers the historical situation and foreign policy which led to the conflict, the strategies involved in the fighting of the war itself, and the Fall of Sebastopol and the Peace of Paris. 21 pages, 14 footnotes 18 bibliographic sources.

$133

08061. CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN. A study of the Industrial Revolution in Britain between 1750 and 1850. The modernization of the textile industry, introduction of the steam engine, shift from a rural to an urban economy, and the social consequences of the Industrial Revolution are covered. 8 pages, 15 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources.

$56

07606. THE ENDURING CONTRIBUTION OF NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI: HIS PLACE IN THE RENAISSANCE AND HIS SIGNIFICANCE TODAY. Scholarly essay on political philosopher Machiavelli and what he was really trying to say. Finds great significance in the fact that the questions he raised have never been fully answered. Argues that Machiavelli was the first to grasp the implications of the secularization of politics; his code of morality was based on the welfare of society through political stability. 12 pages, 4 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources.

$84

07526. MERCHANTS AND THE RISE OF EUROPE, 1500-1800. Well-written essay on the importance and influence of new merchant class on the rise of Europe to world power 1500-1800. They aided the rise of the nation-state, consolidated the conquests of famous explorers in Asia and the Americas, helped the rise of a new financial system and the spread of wealth and capitalist attitudes to the middle-class, and were more flexible and adventurous than the competing merchants of the Ottoman and other Eastern empires. 5 pages, 5 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source.

$35

07522. THE REBUILDING OF LONDON AFTER THE GREAT FIRE. Detailed and comprehensive survey the social and architectural effects of the Great Fire of 1666. Includes background and the Plague of 1665, descriptions of the tremendous devastation caused by the fire, events of the fire, the political, economic and social problems it caused, the important plans for rebuilding and recovery, problems of surveying property lines and finding building materials, emergency regulations, the world's first building codes and building inspectors, the importance of architect Christopher Wren, his work on redesigning St. Paul's and other buildings, details of new designs and styles he pioneered. Importance of the fire and rebuilding in London's social and architectural history. 21 pages, 32 footnotes, 14 bibliographic sources.

$133

07515. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND THE CONCEPT OF REASON. Basic review of the history of science, the Enlightenment, and the concept of political liberty between 1600 and 1789. How science upset religion; how Newton became the symbol of human reason; how the Enlightenment developed the ideas of political liberty and equality, and stimulated the American and French Revolutions. 6 pages, 13 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources.

$42

07514. GEOLOGIST CHARLES LYELL: UNIFORMITARIANISM AND RELIGION. Brief biography of the early career of the pioneer 19th century geologist who helped establish the principle of geological uniformitarianism, focusing on how he reconciled this with the religious attitudes of the time. Privately he spoke of freeing geology from Moses; publicly he talked of how the mysteries of geology increased our respect for the Creator's powers. 5p. 10f. 1b.

$35

07340. PRESIDENTS WILSON, ROOSEVELT AND JOHNSON. The three most influential presidents of the 20th Century are examined in terms of their social legislation and wartime leadership. 11 pages, 18 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources.

$77

07241. THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS IN PERSPECTIVE. Thorough study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Essene community that produced them. Includes review of sources. The Essene sect and their place in the tradition of monasticism, their monastery at Qumram, relations of Essenes to Pharisees and Christians. Concludes that Christians borrowed the idea of monastic tradition from them. 15 pages, 17 footnotes, 15 bibliographic sources.

$105

07182. CATHERINE THE GREAT AND FREDERICK THE GREAT. An interesting examination of the political relationship between the two 18th century rulers. frederick's role in arranging her marriage and his influence on Catherine's diplomacy as Empress of Russia are looked at in detail. 9p. 11f. 4b.

$63

07175. THE JEWISH POGROMS IN RUSSIAN HISTORY, 1881-1906. Detailed review of Russian discrimination and genocide against Jews in this period. Includes background of Russian politics, Jewish participation in revolutionary movements, how Tsarist officials consciously incited mob violence against Jews as a reaction to revolutionary movements, and how this gave rise to the Zionist movements. 12p. 25f. 7b.

$84

07174. IDEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. Brief overview of the major causes of the French Revolution of 1789. Argues that the enlightened thought of the liberal minority was a major factor; yet success also required the economic revolt of the peasantry against feudalism. 5 pages, 9 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources.

$35

07108. HARUN AL-RASHID AND CHARLEMANGE. Comprehensive overview of the lives, politics, and accomplishments of these two emperors who reigned about 800 A.D., with both presiding over peaks of the Islamic and Catholic civilizations, respectively. 10p. 18f. 6b.

$70

07046. EUROPEAN SOCIETY IN THE AGE OF THE RENAISSANCE. The development of thought, science and art spreading from Italy to Northern Europe in the 1500's, focusing on the cultural accomplishments of Italy which were agreed to be Europe's best. 5 pages, 1 footnote, 1 bibliographic source. Notes in text.

$35

07045. THE CREATIVITY AND VITALITY OF THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES. Development of religion, thought and art from 12th Century universities, poetry and literature, cathedrals, music and painting. 5 pages, 1 footnote, 1 bibliographic source. Notes in text.

$35

07044. POLITICS AND THE STATE IN THE RENAISSANCE. The growth of the national state in Western Europe during the 16th century, intellectually justified by Machiavelli: monarchical absolutism in theory and practice. 5p. 1b. notes in test.

$35

07042. THE CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION. Overview of the Catholic Church's counter-movement to Protestantism, which succeeded in spreading Catholicism firmly into Latin America, etc.; Jesuits, Inquisitions, wars, doctrines and dogma. KEYWORDS: counter-reformation church latin america catholicism. 5 pages, 6 footnotes, 1 bibliographic source.

$35

07041. THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION. Overview of the religious revolt of the 16th Century that is a major root of modern American culture. Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, their doctrines and their spread into the various countries of Europe are described. 5 pages, 1 footnote, 1 bibliographic source. Notes in text.

$35

07040. THF CRISIS OF THE LATER MIDDLE ACES. The 1300's and 1400's were troubled times for European civilization due to overpopulation, crop failures and natural disasters. Black Plague, peasant revolts, and more. 5p. 1b. notes in text.

$35

07039. THE LIFE AND WORK OF MACHIAVELLI. Good brief study of Machiavelli, finding his reputation as a cynic not deserved; he was primarily an Italian and Florentine patriot who would have preferred an ideal republic, yet saw that this was impossible at the time; thus his realistic advice on the use of power in The Prince. 3p. 1f. 0b.

$21

06797. ANARCHISM AND MICHAEL BAKUNIN. The background and theory of anarchism in 19th century Europe is seen in light of the career and writings of Bakunin, and his revolutionary "catechism" for a new social order. 11p. 13f. 9b.

$77

06795. THE PARIS COMMUNE. The historical significance of the popular uprising in Paris in 1871 is examined in detail in this comprehensive study. The background, events and circumstances of the rebellion are looked at in depth, and the economic and political forces at work in the Third Republic, are given a chapter-by-chapter analysis. The Commune is seen as a precursor to socialist uprisings in later years. 52p. 72f. 17b.

$133

06724. HUNGARIAN NATIONALISM UNDER THE HABSBURGS. Hungary's position as a special state with national privileges under the Habsburgs is examined in this study. 5p. 10f. 2b.

$35

06655. AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND. This paper examines the causes and effects of agricultural development in pre-industrial England. Concludes that agricultural development allowed the industrial revolution to begin in England. 8 pages, 11 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources.

$56

06654. HENRY VIII AND THE ENGLISH. A brief history of the English King's role in the split between Rome and England. 5 pages, 6 footnotes, 4 bibliographic sources.

$35

06392. ENGLAND IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY BY J. H. PLUMB. A good summary of Plumb's study of English politics and culture from 1714 to 1815; Plumb's book is called consistent yet paradoxical in its attitude. 6p. 8f. 1b.

$42

06391. ENGLAND IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY BY MAURICE ASHLEY. A favorable review of Ashley's history focusing on the Revolution of Cromwell as the turning point in modern English history. 6p. 8f. 1b.

$42

06390. LAWRENCE STONE'S THE CAUSES OF THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION. A good critique of Stone's analysis of the causes of the "Great Revolution" of 1649; Stone's theory of revolution as a many-sided and heterogeneous phenomenon is accepted. 6p.7f. 1b.

$42

06348. THE CORN LAWS OF BRITAIN. The British Tarriff law since 1830, and the larger historical background of the Corn Laws and the movement for protection in the 1800's in Great Britain, are all looked at closely in this report. 9p. 30f. 4b.

$63

06100. MARIA THERESA AND JOSEPH II. Good biographical study of mother and son who ruled the Austrian Empire from 1740 to 1790. Good coverage of international and domestic politics, some psychology of the rulers at the time. 9 pages, 10 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources.

$63

05905. NATIONALISM IN RUMANIA. The development of a Rumanian indentity after the French Revolution and the creation of modern Rumania after 1879 is discussed. Rumanian nationalism is compared to that in third world countries. 6p. 4b. 8f.

$42

05880. THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE MEN OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT TO THE COMING OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION. An analysis of the role played by the intelligentsia in the development of the French revolution in a context of political and economic disintegration. The conclusion is that the impact of the philosopher's was uneven and minimal. 6p. 3b. 5f.

$42

05669. FRENCH AND GERMAN RULE IN ALSACE. A review of the complex history of Alsace and its relations with France and Germany since 1871 and up to 1945. 10p. 12f. 6b.

$70

05664. GUNS OF AUGUST AND ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT. A comparison designed to illustrate the course and outbreak of WWl from factual and fictional accounts. Extensive quotations from each book. 13p.

$91

05628. HENRY VIII AND THE SEPARATION FROM ROME. A clear and simple analysis of the link between Henry's dissatisfaction with his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and the political and religious disenchantment with Rome leading to the creation of a separate Church in England. 6p 0f. 0b.

$42

05495. LUTHER. A biographical sketch explaining how Luther became a monk and the development of his thought which led to his excommunication in 1517. 5p.

$35

05366. THE RELUCTANT CHAMPION OF EUROPEAN PROTESTANTISM. WHY HAS ELIZABETH I BEEN SO DESCRIBED? Elizabeth's delicate position at home and in the international scene is explained to demonstrate the necessity of her apparent indecisiveness and eventual epousal of Protestantism. 9p. 5b. 13f.

$63

05363. THE DECLINE OF VENICE. The greatness of Venice and its fall in the 16th century after the collapse of the Adriatic trade is the subject of this paper. The ruling class is profiled within the system of government and its own demise as a dynamic force is documented. 7p. 1b. 6 references.

$49

05344. TACTICS AND STRATEGY IN THE FRANCE-PRUSSIAN WAR. The political background to the war, preparations on both sides, the relative strengths of the opponents and details of the battles are documented, concluding that the Prussians were better prepared and equiped despite the potentially superior numbers of the French. 13p. 13f. 8b.

$91

05263. REVITALIZATION IN 18TH CENTURY ENGLAND. Anthropologist Anthony Wallace's theory of the revitalization of societies through the conscious will of its members to the reform atmosphere of late 18th and early 19th century England. 8p. 0f. 2b.

$56

05045. ITALIAN UNIFICATION LN THE 19TH CENTURY. A comprehensive history of the process of political unification in Italy between the French Revolution amd the "Risorgemento" of the late 19th century. The roles of Cavour and other nationalists are contrasted with the increasing strengths of the Communist party in 20th century and the economic struggles of recent times. 20p., 10f., 9b.

$133

05029. WALLENSTEIN. The story of the career of the great general of the Thirty Years War of the l7th century. He is portrayed as a man of action and a personality characterized by contradiction. llp., 23f., 3b.

$77

04961. THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY. The amalgamation of the German principalities into a powerful and unified industrial state in the latter half of the 19th century is described and analyzed. The nation-building and power politics of Bismarck are brought into the general context of German history, and the history of the wars creating the German Empire is related. l0 pages, 7 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources.

$70

04838. MONARCHS AND MINISTERS IN TUDOR ENGLAND. The symbiotic relationship of King and minister in Tudor England is examined in this essay, with a particular emphasis on the partnership of Henry VIII and Thomas Cromwell in the 1530's, A strong monarch -and a capable minister are seen as the underpinning of the Tudor system of government. 8p., Of., Ob.

$56

04771. THE CHARTIST MOVEMENT. Solid well-written and detailed study of England's first working-class movement; the origins, aims, subgroups, actions and effects of the Chartists are skillfully told. llp., 16f., 7b.

$77

04741. DEVELOPMENT OF BRITISH LAND OWNERSHIP. Thorough historical study of the rules and regulations governing British land from Roman times onward; very good on medieval tenures. (And modern too, since the laws haven't changed much in 400 years.) 13p., 8f., 4b,.

$91

04588. THE EVOLUTION OF THE ALPINE BOUNDARY OF FRANCE. Interesting discussion of the fact that even a mountain range like the Alps cannot provide a clear-cut natural boundary; focuses on the numerous armies tramping easily across the Alps, and the vicissitudes of political and economic relations between France and Switzerland affecting the boundary line. 15p., 16f., 8b.

$105

04563. THE DOMESTIC REFORMS OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. Good overview of Napoleon's rise and his reorganization of French Church-State relations, law codes, government structure, education, etc.; lasting effects of this "Constitution of the Year 8" on France. lOp., 12f., 7b.