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6A. GENERAL LAW

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18333. GOVERNMENT USE OF TORTURE IN THE WAR ON TERRORISM. This paper describes three perspectives on how governments should respond to the threat of terrorism and violence. Jonathan Alter believes “psychological interrogation” may sometimes be needed to save lives, while Henry Porter provides a contrasting opinion on the issue. These post-9/11 views are compared with Martin Luther King’s argument that violence should never be used to fight violence. Contrary to King’s view, it is argued that terrorism poses a threat to innocent lives and thus methods associated with “torture” may sometimes be needed in dealing with terrorists (but only as a last resort and only if it is non-physical and approved by a court). KEYWORDS: terrorism 9/11 government torture article review Martin Luther King. MLA Style. 4p., 0f., 3b.   $28
 
18302. THE DUTY TO PROTECT SUICIDAL CLIENTS. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the mental health professional’s duty to protect clients from suicide or attempted suicide. The analysis describes the current scope of the mental health professional’s duty to protect suicidal clients within the context of professional ethics and applicable case law. The therapist’s duty to protect suicidal clients is analyzed in the context of patient confidentiality issues and patient-therapist privileged communications. Included in this analysis is a discussion of confidentiality issues that may arise in the aftermath of a completed patient suicide. Written 2007. KEYWORDS: patient suicide risk therapist duty to protect. Strict APA Style. 10 pages, 35 footnotes, 12 bibliographic sources plus legal references. 3,589 words.   $70
 
18301. DUTY TO WARN AND PROTECT IN MENTAL HEALTH CARE. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the mental health care professional’s duty to warn and protect someone else from any imminent dangerous actions of the client. The legal and ethical scope of the professional’s duty to warn and protect is described with reference to Tarasoff and other relevant case law. The professional’s duty to warn and protect is analyzed in terms of its impact on issues of patient confidentiality and the privileged communications between therapist and patient. KEYWORDS: tarasoff psychiatric patients duty to warn. Written 2007. Strict APA Style. 12 pages, 46 footnotes, 21 bibliographic sources plus legal references. 4,417 words.   $84
 
18184. MARVEL ENTERPRISES, INC. HARVARD CASE STUDY 505001. This paper provides a case study analysis and a case solution to a popular Harvard Business School marketing and strategic brand management case study (505001) by Anita Elberse on the comic book and superhero entertainment company, Marvel, six years after the company emerged from the brink of bankruptcy. The case focuses on Marvel’s business model and the risks associated with dependency on a few blockbuster super heroes. The case analysis includes problem statement, analysis, assessment of alternatives, recommendations and implementation plan. KEYWORDS: case studies marvel enterprises comics superheros spider man x-men the hulk branding business model marketing strategy strategic management intellectual property case solution. Written 2008. 11 pages, 11 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 2,899 words.   $77
 
18175. EXTRAORDINARY RENDITIONS: LEGALITY. This paper presents an overview and legal analysis of the Bush Administration’s post-911 counterterrorism practice of having the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) detain and deliver suspected terrorists to foreign governments for interrogation and possibly torture. After briefly describing extraordinary renditions and discussing the Bush Administration’s justifications and claims of legality versus critics’ contention that the practice is illegal, this paper reviews the various treaties, conventions, covenants, and other international legal documents to assess the legality of the US programs of extraordinary renditions. The essay concludes that the US program of extraordinary renditions represents a clear violation of international law in that such renditions violate the provisions of a number of different international treaties and covenants (including the Geneva Conventions, the International Covenant on Civil & Political Rights (ICCPR), and the Convention Against Torture) to which the United States is party. KEYWORDS: terrorists counterterrorist policy us war on terror bush extraordinary rendition torture guantanamo prisoners international law treaty. Written 2007. Turabian with Endnotes. 19 pages, 70 footnotes, 28 bibliographic sources. 4,505 words excluding footnotes.   $133
 
18136. TRIUMPH OF JUSTICE (DANIEL PETROCELLI) AND THE GOOD BLACK (BY PAUL M. BARRETT). This paper is concerned with two books on the issue of race in American society and justice. Petrocelli's book is about the wrongful death suit against O.J. Simpson and Barrett's book is about a black lawyer (Lawrence Mungin), who filed a racial discrimination suit against the firm where he worked. The paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each book, their messages and critical implications, and the extent to which their content is typical of American justice and society. KEYWORDS: race justice society legal system trials. Written 2006. MLA Style. 8 pages, 10 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 1,991 words.   $56
 
18057. “ONE L” BY SCOTT TUROW & “BARMAN” BY ALEX WELLEN. This paper discusses the perspectives in these two books on law school and preparation for a career as a lawyer. Turow attended Harvard Law School (a "Tier-1" school) and he writes about his experiences as a first year law student. Wellen attended Temple Law School (a "Tier-2" school) and his book is about his experiences in preparing for the bar exam and his first job in a law firm. In both books, the reader learns about the intense specialized training that lawyers receive. The paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the books, their implications, and their reflection of the realities of American justice and society. The conclusion of the paper describes how the material in the books can be used to teach young students about the concepts of justice. KEYWORDS: teaching justice law school lawyers comparative book review. Written 2006. MLA Style. 11 pages, 18 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 2,602 words.   $77
 
18056. EXECUTIONER'S CURRENT BY RICHARD MORAN & MAY GOD HAVE MERCY BY JOHN C. TUCKER. This paper discusses these two books on the death penalty in the U.S. and how they can be used to teach concepts of justice to young students. Moran's book is about the development of the electric chair, including the role played by the inventor Thomas Edison. Tucker's book is about how a procedural error in a death penalty case resulted in possibly exonerating evidence being deemed inadmissible in court. The paper also discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each book, their critical implications, and how the ideas and events depicted in each are typical of American justice and society. KEYWORDS: comparative book review death penalty teaching justice. Written 2006. MLA Style. 10 pages, 10 footnotes, 2 bibliographic sources. 2,471 words.   $70
 
18028. MIRANDA RIGHTS. This essay addresses the question of whether or not the Miranda Rights really protect the rights of the accused, as they are meant to. The paper covers the history of the rights, the Fifth Amendment protection against self-incrimination, the right to silence and the presence of counsel, and the waiver of one's rights. Based on the findings in various specific court decisions, it is argued that the Miranda Rights are not effective in every case. Judicial interpretations have resulted in a weakening of the rights and a limiting of their protective power; this is especially true for certain members of society (such as persons of diverse cultural backgrounds and people who are easily intimidated by police interrogations). KEYWORDS: miranda rights fifth amendment self-incrimination argumentative essay. Written 2006. Notes at end of paper, no separate bibliography. 12 pages, 17 footnotes, 12 bibliographic sources. 2,952 words.   $84
 
18021. NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND ACT. This paper discusses the federal No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, including its philosophical assumptions, and its proclaimed intention of improving quality and equality in U.S. education by tying school funding to the results of standardized tests. It is argued that the No Child Left Behind Act is ineffective because it results in "teaching to the test" and a narrowing of the curriculum. In addition, it is overly punitive and it does not provide national-based testing standards for schools in different states to follow. KEYWORDS: education standardized testing federal laws nclb bush administration argumentative essay education policy reform. Written 2006. APA Style. 11 pages, 28 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources. 2,791 words.   $77
 
18010. PRO DEATH PENALTY ARGUMENT. This paper looks at the controversial issue of capital punishment and argues in favor of the practice. Based on expert opinions and study evidence, it is argued that the death penalty is an appropriate punishment for the crime of murder (retribution), it prevents an offender from murdering again (incapacitation), and it helps to prevent others from committing murders (deterrence). The paper also rebuts some of the arguments in opposition to the death penalty. KEYWORDS: death penalty capital punishment controversy argumentative essay. Written 2006. MLA Style. 6 pages, 11 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 1,450 words.   $42
 
17712. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CARE-GIVING FOR THE OLDER ADULT & ELDERLY. This paper provides an overview and analysis of ethical considerations in care-giving for the older adult and elderly person. The analysis addresses the older adult’s right to autonomy and self-determination and considers ethical and legal concerns surrounding the older person’s capacity to make decisions regarding their own care along with ethical and legal concerns for surrogate decision-makers. The importance of the federal patient Self-Determination Act, informed consent, guardianship, legal capacity, best interest standard, and Durable Power of Attorney for Healthcare Decisions in care-giving for the older adult are also considered. KEYWORDS: aging healthcare ethics autonomy legal capacity informed consent patient self-determination act best interest standard care giving surrogate decision making. Written 2005. APA Style. 10 pages, footnotes, 14 bibliographic sources. 2,430 words.   $70
 
17709. ETHICAL CONCERNS IN A CASE OF DEMENTIA. This paper presents a fictionalized account involving an older adult who appears to be suffering from early Alzheimer’s Disease and is caring for a spouse recently incapacitated by a series of strokes. There is a dispute over a DNR (Do Not Resuscitate) order and a niece is threatening to put her apparently demented uncle on a guardianship. The analysis discusses the ethical issues inherent in the situation and then makes recommendations on an ethical course of action. KEYWORDS: elder care ethics dementia alzheimer’s disease dnr orders autonomy guardianship. Written 2005. APA Style. 9 pages, 12 footnotes, 12 bibliographic sources. 2190 words.   $63
 
17705. INTERNATIONAL WATERCOURSE AGREEMENTS: THE CASE OF THE 1995 MEKONG AGREEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE 1997 U.N. CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE NON-NAVIGATIONAL USES OF INTERNATIONAL WATERCOURSES. This paper provides an overview and analysis of two recent significant multilateral international water agreements. Specifically, the 1995 Agreement on Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin (hereinafter, “Mekong Agreement”) is described and analyzed in the context of the background and provisions of the 1997 U.N. Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (hereafter, “UN Convention”). The 1995 Mekong Agreement governs water sharing and cooperation among four lower riparians – Thailand, Vietnam, Lao PDR, and Cambodia – on the Mekong River, the largest and most important river in Southeast Asia and the world’s tenth largest river in terms of annual water. Building on more than two decades of work by the International Law Commission, the 1997 UN Convention, which has not yet come into force, represents a move to codify customary international law governing management of use and conflict of international freshwater watercourses. The UN Convention aims at establishing “general principles for the use and management of international watercourses and to assist in the resolution of disputes. KEYWORDS: international water agreements river states Mekong river Vietnam Thailand laos Cambodia china Myanmar united nations convention navigational uses. Written 2005. Blue Book Legal Style. 28 pages, 82 footnotes, 25 bibliographic sources. 6,729 words.   $133
 
17627. SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002. . This paper provides an overview and analysis of the impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (passed in the wake of the Enron accounting scandal) on publicly traded companies and on the accounting and auditing profession in general. Sarbanes-Oxley resulted in the formation of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, regulated by the SEC. This oversight, in combination with new audit standards passed by various standards board in the US, Canada, and internationally, will affect all auditors and has resulted in more assurance of independence and more likely detection of fraud in corporate audits. KEYWORDS: Sarbanes-oxley act accounting fraud corporate corruption corporate scandals auditing enron. Written 2005. Strict APA Style throughout. 12 pages, 17 footnotes, 12 bibliographic sources. 3,320 words.   $84
 
17620. DIGITAL MILLENNIUM COPYRIGHT ACT (DMCA) OF 1998. This paper analyzes the aspect of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act that deals with the problem of Internet users illegally downloading and sharing copyrighted music and movie files. The paper examines four specific cases (along with other general legal actions) that are relevant to this effort: 1) the pre-DMCA case of Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios; 2) A&M Records v. Napster; 3) MGM v. Grokster; and 4) RIAA v. Verizon Internet Services. In addition, the paper discusses the RIAA’s strategy of targeting individual users, as well as the implications of the rulings that have been made in the various cases. KEYWORDS: digital millennium copyright act dmca 1998 illegal downloading music movies business law. Written 2005. APA Style. 11 pages, 28 footnotes, 7 bibliographic sources. 2,572 words.   $77
 
17590. HUMAN ORGAN SALES. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the problem of human organ shortages (for the purpose of transplants) and the extensive black market that has developed as a result of this shortage and the illegality of human organ trading. This paper argues that the best solution to the problem is to create a system for the legalized, regulated marketing of human organs. KEYWORDS: human organ sales black market kidneys. Written 2005. MLA Style. 8 pages, 32 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 1,948 words.   $56
 
17507. RIGHT TO WORK LAWS. This paper traces the history and provides an overview of state “right to work” laws, which prevented businesses from demanding that workers join unions and pay union dues in order to be hired. Examines the history of states’ right to work laws and considers the impact of Section 14(b) of the 1947 Taft-Hartley Act on workers, labor unions, and businesses. Looks at efforts to repeal 14(b) and the conflict between right-to-work proponents and labor unions during the 1960s and 1970s; challenges to right-to-work laws in the 1990s, and the current status of these laws. KEYWORDS: labor legislation right to work law unions open closed shop nlra Taft Hartley act. Written 2005. MLA Style. 9 pages, 17 footnotes, 6 bibliographic sources. 2,230 words.   $63
 
17450. PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM SEXUAL PREDATORS, P.L. 105-314 Following a summary of the main provisions of the 1998 Protection of Children from Sexual Predators Act and a short discussion of some of the forces that led to the Act’s passage, this paper looks closely at the case precedence, constitutional basis and constitutional issues surrounding the Protection of Children from Sexual Predators Act. Written 2005. 11 pages, 63 footnotes; 31 bibliographic sources. 2590 words.   $77
 
17436. THE WAR ON DRUGS. This paper provides an overview and analysis of America’s “war on drugs”. Looking at both the domestic and foreign aspects, the paper profiles the history, goals, strategies, results and consequences of the decades-long drug war. The essential conflicts (e.g., criminalization versus medicalization, enforcement versus treatment, prohibition versus legalization, etc.) in the debate over what to do about the nation’s drug problem and the major controversies (e.g., hidden foreign policy objectives, environmental issues, racial aspects, impact on prison crowding, costs, overall effectiveness, etc.) in the war on drugs are considered and discussed. Recent trends in the drug war, including the federal government’s opposition to medical marijuana and the Bush Administration’s efforts to merge the war on drugs and the war on terror into a broad-based, far-reaching war on narco-terrorism are also explored. KEYWORDS: drug war mandatory minimums prison overcrowding foreign policy narco-terrorism drug abuse policy. Written 2005. 14 pages, 78 footnotes, 31 bibliographic sources. 3,386 words.   $98
 
17390. SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY OF CRIME AND DELINQUENCY. ThIs paper describes and analyzes the social disorganization theory of criminology as developed from theorists in the Chicago School. Considers how the more recent work of Robert Sampson and William Julius Wilson has extended and refined Shaw & McKay’s work to have application in the contemporary era, particularly with regard to urban crime and racial differences in crime. Finally, the analysis looks at Sampson, et al’s construct of collective efficacy as an explanatory variable in why people in socially disorganized communities commit crime. KEYWORDS: chicago school criminology crime theory social disorganization theory. Written 2003. APA Style. 9 pages, 25 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources. 2,273 words.   $63
 
17389. CLASSICAL AND POSITIVE SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN CRIMINALITY. This essay describes the classical and positive schools of criminality, as illustrated by Cesare Beccaria (classical) and Cesare Lombroso (positive) and considers what policy recommendations an adherent of each school would make for dealing with crime. KEYWORDS: classical positivist criminology lombroso beccaria criminal theories. Written 2003. APA Style. 7 pages, 10 footnotes, 3 bibliographic sources. 1,781 words.   $49
 
17387. CAREER COUNSELING FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES. This paper provides an overview and analysis of career counseling with a population with special needs, focusing in particular on persons with disabilities. The analysis begins with an overview of the range of special needs populations in career counseling and a discussion of how these special needs might influence the career counseling process. Following this, the analysis focuses on career counseling with populations with disabilities, looking at issues such as the size and scope of this population, the special protections afforded this population through the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), how disabilities might affect career development, and strategies and interventions career counselors can use with this population. KEYWORDS: career counseling disabilities special needs populations career development disabled Americans with disabilities act ada. Written 2002. 12 pages, 32 footnotes, 15 bibliographic sources. 3,338 words.   $84
 
17311. SUPREME COURT JUSTICE JOHN MARSHALL. This paper provides a profile of the life and career of John Marshall, who served for 34 years (1801-1835) as the fourth Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. The paper begins with Marshall’s early years, including his military service in the Revolutionary War and his work as a lawyer in Virginia. The next section profiles Marshall’s career on the bench and includes a discussion of some of the most significant cases under his tenure. A concluding section looks at Marshall’s impact on the judicial system and on the American people as a whole. Marshall was responsible for establishing the concept of judicial review and thereby giving the Supreme Court the power to rule on the constitutionality of acts created by the executive and legislative branches of government. Marshall also advanced the concept of federal supremacy, established the concept of appellate power, and played a role in the development of other important legal ideas, such as the honoring of contracts, the importance of private property rights, and having the Supreme Court issue a single majority opinion rather than numerous individual opinions. KEYWORDS: US Supreme Court chief justice john marshall judicial review. Written 2005. 28 pages, 51 footnotes, 18 bibliographic sources. 7,042 words.   $133
 
17277. BUSINESS LAW. This paper provides a definition, overview and analysis of business law and the ways that it relates to both criminal law and civil law. Following a general definition of law and a discussion of the similarities and differences between civil law and criminal law, the paper discusses various aspects of business law, with an emphasis on how business law is designed to deal with both criminal and civil matters. KEYWORDS: law business commercial law. Written 2005. 11 pages, 27 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources. 2,877 words.   $77
 
17229. TORTURE AND INTERNATIONAL LAW. This paper examines the treaties, agreements and other efforts made by the international community to ban the use of torture. Special focus is placed on the landmark 1984 United Nations agreement known as the “Convention Against Torture.” The paper also addresses unresolved issues related to the international community’s responsibility to end government’s use of torture against its own citizens. Keywords: international law agreements torture conventions United Nations. 6 pages; 21 footnotes; 6 bibliographic sources. 1,590 words.   $42
 
17228. THE SUPREME COURT, THE NEW DEAL, AND THE CONSTITUTION. This paper provides an overview and analysis of changes in Constitutional law interpretations as a result of events surrounding Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal legislation and policies. When the Supreme Court blocked the New Deal legislation of President Roosevelt in the 1930s, Roosevelt responded with a scheme to “pack” the federal courts with younger, more liberal judges. This eventually led to a “constitutional revolution” in the way that the Supreme Court interprets the power of the federal government in terms of providing for the welfare of the people. Keywords: New Deal FDR federal courts Supreme Court Constitution public welfare. 11 pages; 27 footnotes; 10 bibliographic sources. 2,660 words.   $77
 
17211. EXTRAJUDICIAL KILLING IN NIGERIA. This paper provides an overview and analysis of extrajudicial killings as a major human rights abuse in Nigeria. The paper focuses on the more recent continued problem of extrajudicial killing as it has occurred under the civilian administration since May of 1999. The investigation provides an overview of the abuse and its context, including a discussion of where, how and why the abuse is occurring. Additional sections identify and discuss the application of existing international human rights law to the problem of extrajudicial killing in Nigeria; describe and evaluate relevant United Nations procedural action against this type of human rights abuse; and describe and evaluate complementary and alternative strategies and procedures to address this serious abuse of human rights in Nigeria. Keywords: human rights abuse extrajudicial killings international law Nigeria United Nations sanctions. Written 2004. 15 pages; 45 footnotes; 24 bibliographic sources. 4,229 words.   $105
 
17208. THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT (ICC): A CRITICAL STEP IN THE PATH TOWARDS GLOBAL GOVERNANCE. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the International Criminal Court (ICC) as a positive step towards the development of a system of global governance. The analysis begins with definitions and a review of relevant concepts, including global governance, sovereignty, jus cogens, international criminal law, and universal jurisdiction. The history and purpose of the International Criminal Court is traced, looking both at the history of the Rome Statute itself as well as its historical precedents. The next sections examine the structure, functions, operations, applications and underlying principles of the ICC. The analysis then looks at the opposition to the ICC, with a strong focus on U.S. objections. The conclusion summarizes the strengths and limitations of the ICC and considers the future of the ICC as a tool of global governance. Keywords: International Criminal Court ICC universal jurisdiction sovereignty Rome Statute extradition. Written 2004. 32 pages; 79 footnotes; 32 bibliographic sources. 8,998 words.   $133
 
17205. WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS IN DEATH PENALTY CASES. Focusing on wrongful convictions of innocent persons in death penalty cases, this paper provides a critical overview and analysis of the location and characteristics of micro and macro-level factors with the criminal justice system that seem to be the source of the errors leading to or contributing to the problem of wrongful convictions. Factors considered include problems with eyewitness identification, unreliable or duplicitous informants, prosecutorial misconduct, defense attorney incompetence, false and coerced confessions, forensic errors and fraud, judicial misconduct, systematic racism, problems with the adversarial system and the difficulties of balancing defendants’ right to due process with society’s need for crime control and the criminal justice system’s need for expediency. The concluding analysis looks at some of the steps that might be taken to remedy or reduce the error rate while still providing justice. Keywords: death penalty wrongful conviction prosecutorial misconduct false confessions forensics judicial error racism crime control. Written 2004. 27 pages; 73 footnotes; 36 bibliographic sources. 7,134 words.   $133
 
17202. LAW VERSUS JUSTICE. The relationship between the idea of law as a legal concept and justice as an equitable ideal is often a contentious one when put into everyday practice. Following a brief overview of the differing and sometimes contradictory meanings of law and justice, this paper analyzes and critiques the ideals of law and justice, drawing on examples from antitrust, agency, intellectual rights and discrimination. A concluding section articulates and defends the position that laws should be derived from assumptions of justice, while arguing simultaneously that justice is inherently an evolving concept. Keywords: justice law philosophy agency discrimination intellectual property antitrust. Written 2004. 16 pages; 34 footnotes; 18 bibliographic sources. 4,258 words.   $112
 
17199. PRE-EMPLOYMENT DRUG TESTING. This paper provides a review, analysis and interpretation of recent academic literature on pre-employment drug testing. The review of scholarly literature on pre-employment drug testing is grouped into the two main categories of process research (that which examines employer approaches, procedural issues, legal issues and ethical issues) and outcome research (that which considers the impacts, effects, and effectiveness of pre-employment drug testing). The discussion and interpretation of the literature comments on the effectiveness of pre-employment drug testing, considers its impact on employee-employer relations, stipulates a number of legal, ethical and process concerns, and makes recommendations for practice in terms of policies, procedures and safeguards. Keywords: employee drug testing pre-employment law ethics employee employer relations morale productivity effectiveness. Written 2004. 30 pages; 153 footnotes; 36 bibliographic sources. 7,856 words.   $133
 
17198. THE CRASH OF TWA FLIGHT 800. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the midair explosion and crash of TWA Flight 800 on July 17, 1996. Drawing on information from the National Transportation Safety Board investigation and other reports, the paper describes the accident and the resulting damages and fatalities; analyzes the causes behind the accident; and reports on the remedies and changes that were put into place as a result of the accident and subsequent investigation. The first part of the paper dissects the accident and its causes. The next section looks at the lawsuits that arose as a result of the crash. Another section details the remedies and regulations that have been put into place in response to the crash and its likely causes. A concluding section discusses how the accident could have been avoided and briefly considers some of the unresolved issues related to the crash. Keywords: Flight 800 commercial aviation accidents investigation airplane crash lawsuits air safety prevention. Written 2004. 15 pages; 54 footnotes; 31 bibliographic sources. 4,882 words.   $105
 
17197. FIRST CENTRAL BANK OF RIVER CITY CASE STUDY. This paper provides a legal and ethical analysis of a case study on First Central Bank of River City involving an attempt by the International Metal Workers Union (IMU) to organize the bank’s white collar workers. The legal analysis first summarizes the relevant facts of the case and articulates the critical issues. The applicable legal rules are identified and discussed. The legal analysis concludes with recommendations on the appropriate legal action. The second part of the paper presents an analysis of the ethical issues in the case. The major ethical issues are identified and discussed. Possible ethical alternatives are identified and recommendations for appropriate ethical action stated. Keywords: banking unionization white collar workers union busting ethics labor law case study case solution. 16 pages; 33 footnotes; 8 bibliographic sources. 3,962 words.   $112
 
17193. ASHLAND OIL INC (A): TROUBLE AT FLOREFFE HARVARD CASE 390017. This paper presents an analysis and a case solution to a Harvard Business School case study (390017) of a 1988 oil spill at an Ashland Oil terminal near Pittsburgh. Following a brief summary of the facts of the case, an ethical and legal analysis of Ashland’s response to the crisis is presented. Ashland’s two alternative Press Releases related to the crisis are then compared and contrasted, and the ethical and legal differences between the two release identified and discussed. The concluding section of the analysis presents a draft of a different press release which reflects the appropriate stance for Ashland to take. Keywords: oil spill ethics law crisis management strategy case study case solution communications management . 15 pages; 6 footnotes; 5 bibliographic sources. 4,295 words.   $105
 
17192. SHOULD THE FCC BE GIVEN BROAD REGULATIVE POWERS? REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. Following a brief history of freedom of speech, this paper presents a review of the literature on FCC (Federal Communications Commission) regulation of speech and expression on all types of media. Key concepts and existing theories related to government regulation of media and speech are identified. Contradictions, shortcomings, and gaps in the evidence related to FCC regulation of media are discussed. Keywords: FCC regulation media broadcasting free speech ownership television radio. Written 2004. MLA Style. 8 pages; 49 footnotes; 24 bibliographic sources. 1,891 words.   $56
 
17191. PAT PARKER & ASSOCIATES HARVARD CASE STUDY. This paper provides a legal and ethical analysis of a Harvard Business School case involving a small research firm specializing in opposition research for political candidates. The legal analysis first summarizes the relevant facts of the case and articulates the critical issues which revolve around copyright law, contract law, and campaign financing law. The applicable legal rules are then identified and discussed. The legal analysis concludes with recommendations on the appropriate legal action. The second part of the paper analyzes ethical issues in this case. The major ethical issues are identified and discussed. Possible ethical alternatives are identified and recommendations for appropriate ethical action stated. Keywords: campaign financing ethics political opposition research copyright contract law case study case solution. 18 pages; 21 footnotes; 12 bibliographic sources. 4,500 words.   $126
 
17189. MANAGING PRODUCT SAFETY: THE FORD PINTO HARVARD CASE STUDY 383129. Drawing primarily on information presented in Harvard Business (1984) case 383129, “Managing Product Safety: The Ford Pinto,” by Kenneth E. Goodpaster and Dekkers L. Davidson, along with supplementary data from business, legal, and news media sources, this paper presents a legal and ethical analysis of the Ford Pinto product safety case. The focus of the analysis is on Ford’s management of the product safety issues presented in the Pinto case. The first part of the paper presents a legal analysis of the case. This part identifies the relevant facts, critical issues, and appropriate legal rules in the case. Conclusions related to the appropriate legal disposition of the case are delineated. Drawing on the facts presented in the first part of the paper, the second part of the paper explores and analyzes the key ethical issues in this case. Ethical alternatives are identified and the recommendations concerning appropriate ethical action made. Keywords: product safety ethics Ford Pinto automotive product recall case study case solution. 18 pages; 19 footnotes; 11 bibliographic sources. 4,959 words.   $126
 
17188. MICROSOFT ANTITRUST LAWSUIT. This paper provides a summary overview and analysis of the Microsoft antitrust case (United States v. Microsoft), Civil Action No. 98-1232, U.S. District Court, D.C.). The claims and positions of both parties to the case are identified and explained. The precise charges the government raised against Microsoft are identified, and the legal basis for these charges explained. Microsoft’s responses to the charges are discussed and explained. The procedural (litigation) history of the case is summarized and the terms of the final settlement are reviewed and analyzed. The concluding section offers a personal assessment of the major issues in the case. Keywords: antitrust litigation Microsoft software windows anti-competitive bundling tie-ins. Written 2004. 12 pages; 32 footnotes; 20 bibliographic sources. 3,653 words.   $84
 
17151. WHISTLE-BLOWING IN JAPAN. Using a 2002 Los Angeles Times article about a Japanese company’s revenge on an employee whistle-blower as a starting point, this paper examines whistle-blowing in Japan. Differences between the Japanese and the U.S./Western approach to whistle-blowing are considered, and the legal, cultural, and other reasons for these differences assessed. The investigation looks at some corporate and government scandals broken by whistle-blowers and considers why whistle-blowing has become more common in Japan in recent years. The conclusion speculates on the future of whistle-blowing and the prospect for whistle-blower protection in Japan. Keywords: comparative politics law whistleblowing Japan US. Written 2003. APA Style. 12 pages; 35 footnotes; 20 bibliographic sources. 3,210 words.   $84
 
17139. LAW AND SOCIAL CONTROL. This paper critically analyzes five basic insights generated from viewing the law through the lens of the social scientist: 1) law is not free; 2) law is delivered by actors with limited resources and interests of their own in settings where they have discretion; 3) people cannot be expected to comply passively with the law; 4) avoidance and evasion are important ways in which our society deals with conflict; and 5) law’s influence in American society tends to be indirect, subtle, and ambiguous. Each insight is analyzed from the perspective of a sociological interpretation of the law. KEYWORDS: law society us american legal system social control citizens. Written 2003. APA Style. 36 pages; 26 footnotes; 18 bibliographic sources. 8,359 words.   $133
 
17120. INSIDER TRADING REGULATION: THE US & EU. This paper provides a comparative analysis of insider trading regulations in the United States and the European Union (EU). The United States was selected for analysis because it was the first country to enact significant insider trading laws and today continues to lead the world ion enforcement of insider trading violations. The first part of the paper describes insider trading regulation and enforcement in the U.S. The second part of the paper compares insider trading regulation and enforcement in the EU (both in the EU as a whole and in representative Member States, including the U.K., Germany, Sweden, and Italy) with the system found in the U.S. Written 2003. 12 pages; 61 footnotes; 32 bibliographic sources. 5,076 words.   $84
 
17116. SENATOR KERRY AND THE WORKPLACE RELIGIOUS FREEDOM ACT. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the history, development, and status (as of 2002) of the Workplace Religious Freedom Act (WRFA) of 2002 (S. 2572) and its sponsorship by Senator Kerry (D-MA). The analysis begins with a brief biographical sketch of Senator Kerry. The history and development of the WRFA and its sponsorship by Senator Kerry is traced. The analysis considers the factors which led to the development of this bill and examines the intended and possible effects it will have on public policy, employees and employers. Keywords: work religion John Kerry senate bill. Written 2002. 25 pages; 47 footnotes; 38 bibliographic sources. 6,721 words.   $133
 
17102. EMPLOYEE EMAIL, INTERNET USE & SEXUAL HARASSMENT. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the nexus between the increase in workplace based sexual harassment claims and the proliferation of work-based email and Internet use. The analysis begins with a general overview of the issue and recent trends. Following a brief review of the status of sexual harassment law as it applies to workplace settings, the investigation looks at how email and Internet technologies are implicated in sexual harassment and considers some of the reasons why these technologies have provoked harassment claims. The next section considers employer responses to the problem. The concluding section makes recommendations for addressing the problem. Keywords: sexual harassment employment email. KEYWORDS: sexual harassment employees email online pornography workplace. Written 2002. APA Style. 15 pages; 39 footnotes; 21 bibliographic sources. 4,542 words.   $105
 
17017. MEDIATION AND THE RESOLUTION OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS. This paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the mediation process in resolving international disputes and conflicts. Considers ways to strengthen mediation effectiveness. Also discusses the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in settling international disputes. Keywords: political mediation international disputes. 9 pages; 17 footnotes; 8 bibliographic sources.   $63
 
15969. NON-JUDICIAL ORGANIZATIONS IN JUVENILE DIVERSION AND RESTORATIVE JUSTICE. This paper describes the advantages of juvenile diversion and restorative justice programs being handled by community-based organizations and agencies, rather than by the courts and traditional juvenile justice institutions. Examples of various successful programs are noted. Written 2003. 17 pages; 33 footnotes; 11 bibliographic sources. 3,964 words.   $119
 
15961. SUPREME COURT DECISIONS AND THE SPIRIT OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE. This paper discusses how the Supreme Court, in the years following World War I, has reflected the shifting conservative and liberal opinions of the nation as a whole. References are made to various decisions, and the trend toward “moderate conservatism” is noted. Written 2003. 11 pages; 36 footnotes; 6 bibliographic sources. 2,457 words.   $77
 
15935. SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE AS A CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUE. This paper examines Constitutional issues in church-state separation. Discusses the First Amendment, Thomas Jefferson’s views, Supreme Court decisions over the years, and the recent trend of using a less strict interpretation of the law requiring church-state separation. Also refers to cases on the matter that were pending in the Supreme Court in the fall of 2003. Written 2003. 7 pages; 16 footnotes; 8 bibliographic sources. 1,770 words.   $49
 
15914. THE SUPREME COURT AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION. This paper examines to Supreme Court cases involve reverse discrimination charges at the University of Michigan (Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger). In one decision, the Court held that race can be used as a factor in the effort to attain diversity in higher education. In the other decision, the Court held that race cannot be used as a basis for awarding ‘points’ to qualify for admission. 10 pages; 26 footnotes; 8 bibliographic sources.   $70
 
15895. THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM SEXUAL PREDATORS ACT (PL 105-314). This paper discusses this 1998 federal law designed to protect children from sexual predators, providing an overview of the components of the law and the problems which prompted its passage (e.g., child pornography on the Internet, access to online porn by children, and sexual predators online). The political, economic, and administrative feasibility of the law is also discussed. 24 pages; 56 footnotes; 18 bibliographic sources.   $133
 
15872. THE USA PATRIOT ACT. This paper discusses the Patriot Act, hastily passed in response to the events of September 11, 2001. Although the Patriot Act provides certain benefits regarding the ability of the government to fight terrorism, it also raises serious concerns about depriving U.S. citizens of their civil liberties. In addition, some have argued that the Act may be ineffective in the long run. KEYWORDS: Patriot Act anti-terrorism policy domestic security civil liberties privacy rights. 11 pages; 31 footnotes; 9 bibliographic sources.   $77
 
15870. "A CIVIL ACTION". This paper discusses how the 1998 film (director Steven Zaillian) "A Civil Action" demonstrates the legal adversary process, including the problems faced by the main character, plaintiff attorney Jan Schlictmann. Argues that the system does not always work in terms of revealing the truth or attaining justice. 6p., 15f., 6b.   $42
 
15813. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS DURING THE RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD. A paper on the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, and how each raised issues of constituionality in the period immediately following American Civil War. Differing theories of Reconstruction are discussed, as well as the implications of the Amendments in regard to governmental power. 5 pages; 19 footnotes; 3 bibliographic sources.   $35
 
15812. SUPREME COURT DECISIONS AND THE SHIFT IN POLITICAL POWER IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY. This paper looks at how Supreme Court decisions of the 19th century contributed to giving the federal government more regulatory control while at the same time increasing the economic power of industry and big business. In addition, some of the decisions resulted in creating a more powerful position for the Supreme Court itself. KEYWORDS: Supreme Court history 19th century major decisions federal government big business. 6 pages; 19 footnotes; 4 bibliographic sources. 1,419 words.   $42
 
15804. NURSING ETHICS AND CAUSING DEATH IN A NON-DYING PATIENT. This paper provides an analysis of an amici curiae brief filed by a group of nurses in the case of Christian Busalacchi, a non-dying patient in a vegetative state. The paper summarizes the nurses' arguments and the precedents they cited to support these arguments; analyzes the effectiveness of the nurses' arguments and the conflict of laws or rights imbued in the briefs; and then takes the position of a member of the court and renders a decision and an explanation of the rationale for same. The case concerns Ms. Busalacchi's Guardian's (her father's) petition to the court to have her feeding tube removed and the nurses' opposition to any nursing involvement in "causing the death" of this patient by denying food and water and hence facilitating death by starvation and dehydration. KEYWORDS: nursing case study ethics vegetative state dying patients. 11 pages. Internal citations to legal cases. 3,195 words.   $77
 
15771. GEORGIA'S ANTI-SODOMY LAW. Discusses the paternalistic and moralistic arguments that were used to support the law before it was overturned in 1998. The views of Patrick Devlin, H.L.A. Hart, J. S. Mill and Gerald Dworkin are included. Written 2002. 7 pages, 18 footnotes, 5 bibliographic sources.   $49
 
15756. WOMEN WHO KILL THEIR HUSBANDS AND THE BATTERED WOMAN DEFENSE IN THE U.S. AND U.K. This paper provides a comparative analysis of how the criminal justice systems in the United States versus England and Wales treats women accused of killing their husbands. The analysis begins with a general overview of spousal homicide, and its central features in the U.S. and the U.K. Following this, the historical treatment of women murderers and the legal evolution of self-defense law will be examined. This is followed by an examination of the current and evolving legal status of women who kill their husbands in the U.S. and the U.K., with a close focus on the expansion of the battered woman's syndrome self-defense strategy in the U.S. and the reliance on provocation defenses in the U.K. KEYWORDS: battered women syndrome spouse abuse victim retaliation female killers. 15 pages, 36 footnotes, 20 bibliographic sources. 4,185 words.   $105
 
15749. CRITICISMS OF THE COMMUNITY NOTIFICATION REQUIREMENT IN MEGAN'S LAW. Three major criticisms are discussed: 1) Community notification is a form of "punishment" and thus a violation of the Constitutions' Ex Post Facto clause; 2) there are problems with using "balancing tests" to balance the "common good" against privacy and other individual rights; 3) the evidence indicates that community notification is not effective in reducing recidivism rates among sex offenders. 7 pages, 15 footnotes, 9 bibliographic sources.   $49
 
15723. THE ROLE AND ADEQUACY OF PUNISHMENT. This paper argues that punishment is a complex issue and the views on its adequacy are relative. This is shown by comparing the views of such writers as Michel Foucault, Hannah Arendt (on the Adolf Eichmann trial) and Marcia Clark (on the O.J. Simpson trial). In addition, the views in various works of literature are referred to such as To Kill a Mockingbird, The Scarlet Letter and Measure for Measure. 11 pages, 21 footnotes, 10 bibliographic sources.   $77
 
15685. ALFRED ROSENBERG: CRIMES OR MISDEMEANORS? Did Rosenberg deserve his Nuremberg death penalty and his conviction on the four criminal counts, or was he merely a hapless pawn of the more cunning and politically adroit leaders in the Third Reich? This paper explores this question through an examination of Alfred Rosenberg's rise in the German National Socialist Party, his role as the Nazi ideologue, his role and duties in Hitler's Third Reich, and his activities as Delegate of the Fuhrer for the Supervision of the Entire Spiritual and Ideological Teaching and Education of the NSDAP and as Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories. The analysis includes an assessment of the case made against him during the Nuremberg Trial and the defense put forward on his behalf. Concludes that while Rosenberg was a relatively unimportant and certainly ineffectual Nazi policymaker, he nevertheless should have been held culpable for the consistent promulgation of an ideology which inexorably led to the commission of the Nazi atrocities. KEYWORDS: nazi war criminals rosenberg nazi trials nuremberg nazi. MLA Style. 25 pages, 38 footnotes, 11 bibliographic sources. 6,337 words.   $133
 
15664. RESEARCH DESIGN PROPOSAL: EXAMINING MANDATORY MINIMUMS IN DRUG SENTENCING. This paper presents a proposal for a criminal justice research design. The proposed study would examine how federal judges, federal prosecutors, legislators, and the general voting public view mandatory minimum sentencing laws in drug offenses. Reviews the literature on the impact of mandatory minimums and the disparate views of these laws taken by judges, prosecutors, legislators and the public. States five hypotheses for testing and describes the methodology (study design, samples and sampling procedures, instruments) for the study. Includes sample questions from the proposed survey instrument. KEYWORDS: mandatory minimums judicial sentencing policy research design criminology deterrence theory punitive justice. 22 pages, 58 footnotes, 23 bibliographic sources. 5,778 words.   $133
 
15658. THE TRIAL AND CONVICTION OF SIRHAN SIRHAN: WARPED JUSTICE AND THE ASSASSINATION OF RFK. Without reference to Sirhan's ultimate guilt or innocence, this term paper provides an overview and analysis of the performance of Sirhan's defense team during his 1969 trial for the murder of Robert F. Kennedy. The essay argues that the defense team's strategy and performance had a profoundly negative impact on the outcome of the trial and that the shortcomings in the defense team's performance were so significant as to render the legitimacy of Sirhan's conviction questionable. KEYWORDS: rfk assassination sirhan sirhan murder trial defense strategy assessment essay. APA Style. 17 pages, 32 footnotes, 14 bibliographic sources. 4,486 words.   $119
 
15650. WOMEN IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. This paper provides an overview and analysis of how women are treated within the criminal justice system in England and Wales. The investigation begins with a general overview of women's status in British crime statistics and of the general orientation of the criminal justice system towards women offenders. The analysis then takes a closer look at how the CJS treats women by examining the position of two distinct groups of female offenders: 1) women of color, and 2) female killers and/or perpetrators of serious violent crime. Another major section examines the status of women in the prisons of England and Wales. The concluding section considers the implications of the treatment of women for the implementation of justice in Britain. KEYWORDS: female killers uk criminal justice women prison essay. APA Style. 21 pages, 87 footnotes, 20 bibliographic sources. 5,904 words.   $133
 
15649. DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY AND THE PSYCHIATRIC PATIENT: INVOLUNTARY CIVIL COMMITMENT AND TREATMENT. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the deprivation of individual liberty encompassed in the process and act of involuntary civil commitment and related involuntary treatment. The focus of this paper is confined to involuntary civil commitments arising within the community (versus involuntary treatment of prisoners or involuntary commitment of sexual predators following their completion of criminal sentence). Describes the rationale for commitment, reviews the history of commitment law in the U.S., and discusses the possible solutions to the problems posed by involuntary civil commitment. KEYWORDS: involuntary treatment psychiatry commitment psychiatric. APA Style. 15 pages, 43 footnotes, 15 bibliographic sources. 3,853 words.   $105
 
15648. ONLINE GAMBLING: A SOCIO-LEGAL ANALYSIS. This paper provides a legal perspective on Internet gambling, examining the various social, political, and legal issues raised by the proliferation of this new form of gambling. Following an overview of the major political/social positions surrounding online gambling, the investigation profiles and legal position of Internet gambling, looking at state law, federal law, and proposed legislation. Concludes that existing federal and state law is adequate to prosecute Internet gambling operators, including those in foreign jurisdictions, yet notes that enforcement will remain problematic at best. KEYWORDS: internet casinos online gambling law gaming industry. APA Style. 15 pages, 43 footnotes, 16 bibliographic sources. 4,210 words.   $105